scholarly journals Germany: Financial Crises and Formalization of Banking Supervision

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Eiji Hotori ◽  
Mikael Wendschlag ◽  
Thibaud Giddey
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
State Level ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
Second World

AbstractIn Germany, the banking supervision formalized as a consequence of the severe banking crises of the early 1930s, just as in many other countries on the European continent. The formalization process was initiated with the decisions to temporarily take over some of the large commercial banks that faced default in the banking crisis in 1931. Due to the extended loans and direct ownership stakes, the government established a board to look after its interests. The “temporary” measures were made permanent by the Nazi-government as one of several institutional and organizational means to have banks accommodate the economic policies of the regime. All three elements of banking supervision formalization (regulation, a supervisor, and supervision) were in place by the mid-1930s. However, given the very high level of control over the banks at the time, it is misleading to date the emergence of formal banking supervision to this time. During the occupation years, the banking supervision (in West-Germany) was organized at the state-level, similar to the US system. We date the full formalization after the Second World War when the German central government's control over the banking sector ended.

scholarly journals Has the Propensity to Pay Dividends Declined? Evidence from the US Banking Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Shaojie Lai ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
Jiangze Du ◽  
Shuwen Pi
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Propensity To Pay ◽  
Financial Firm ◽  
Very High

This article examines the propensity to pay dividends in the U.S banking sector during 1973–2014. Although the propensity to pay dividends has been declining over the 52 years of our sample period, banks are consistently more likely to pay dividends than non-financial firms. Using the coefficients from logit models estimated early in the sample period to forecast the percentage of dividend payers in each subsequent year, we conclude that there has been a decline in the likelihood of paying dividends in the banking sector. However, the decline started from a very high level as compared to that of the non-banking sectors. In addition, the variables taken from the non-financial firm literature do not explain the difference between the actual and expected percentage of dividend payers in the banking sector. We also conduct exploratory analyses with bank-specific variables. Although newly included variables are significantly related to the likelihood of paying dividends, they do not explain the declining propensity to pay dividends in the banking sector.

scholarly journals EKONOMI POLITIK ISLAM: PENDEKATAN MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
New Order ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government

The Indonesian nation, which has undergone its independence for more than 70 years, experienced two major changes, namely in 1966 and 1998. 1966 gave birth to the New Order. The New Order period which lasted 32 years with a full orientation to pursue economic growth which was supported by security stability which killed democratic values. We have also gone through the reform era that was rolled out in 1998 which later gave birth to the state order as we feel today. During the 20 years or so of reformation, Indonesia's condition can be said to be more democratic even though it is still procedural which is marked by an election celebration party and post-conflict local election. However, economic orientation and development have almost no fundamental correction, no significant changes. The strategic economic policies taken by the government have not been in favor of the people. Potential economic resources are still held hostage by the interests of foreign countries. Both in the banking sector, insurance, capital markets, state-owned enterprises (BUMN), oil and gas mining and other economic sectors. The government only relies on the amount of economic growth, which does not contribute much to the real economy of the people. As a result, poverty and unemployment rates have not been significantly reduced. The quality of life of the people becomes low. In this paper, the author tries to study the economic growth which is always glorified by the ruling regime in the perspective of Islamic political economy. However, economic policies are inseparable from government political interference. Therefore, questions such as how is the political economy of Islam in view of economic growth amid the high poverty rate of the Indonesian people? Then what is the solution that Islamic political economy can provide in overcoming policies that are deemed not to benefit the people? From the discussion, the writer can provide some things that according to the authors are important to conclude. Islamic political economy is only one area of ​​science that will be built based on the tauhid paradigm. Basically, all existing science needs to be built within the framework of the monotheistic paradigm. The emergence and development of Islamic civilization for more than a thousand years is always based on the Tawhid paradigm. At that time, all science was built on the basis of monotheism. The problem of economic development can be solved by tauhid paradigm.

Decoding the Paradox of Dividend Policy: An Empirical Study on Indian Banking Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
B. Chandra Mohan Patnaik ◽  
Chandrabhanu Das
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Dividend Policy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Liquidity Constraints ◽  
Managerial Efficiency ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
Dividend Payments ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

The dividend policy has often been treated as the most complicated and intriguing aspects in corporate finance. Profitability was always cited as the main source of confidence for dividend payments. Numerous articles written on the dividend policy explored several of its other determinants. The most popular Lintner’s Dividend Model has been assessed and applied by researchers in different sectors including the banking sector in India. The results from the banking sector also confirmed to a greater extent the accuracy of Lintner’s Dividend Model. Although Lintner’s Dividend Model had its firm footing in the Indian banking industry, the model has not much explored about liquidity constraints, ownership and managerial efficiency. The above-mentioned predictors are important in the present scenario where many public sector banks paid dividends while having high nonperforming assets. Recently the government has announced a dividend cut for 16 public sector banks due to high level of stressed assets. Hence, profitability and stressed assets are the paradoxical aspects in the dividend policy for the banking industry. Findings from this study have evidence of substantial influence of liquidity constraints, ownership and managerial efficiency and their influence on the dividend policy.

Classifying the Level of Economic of Citizen Using Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Vol 892 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Muhamad Muslihudin ◽  
Rita Irviani ◽  
Prayugo Khoir ◽  
Andino Maseleno ◽  
K. Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
The People ◽  
Multiple Attribute ◽  
The Government ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting ◽  
High Level

Economics is the first supply for the survival of a country, especially in the development, development and progress. The more developed a country is the better economic growth. Indonesia including the user databases on the economy, especially in the banking sector and the government. Government as the manager of the country's economy in order to make extra efforts of the people and citizens can get considerable economic assistance through various operations conducted by the government such as the division of poor rice and BPJS card. BPJS stands for Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (Social Insurance Administration Organization). By doing classifying economic levels using Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) methods (Simple Additive Weighting) meant that applications created can be used as a tool to suppress errors and improve accuracy by minimizing the possibility of such a wrong target or targets. The application uses the input in the form of data that has a high level of security to be forged such as: proof of payment of electricity bills, vehicle tax, and property tax. Data from the family card to input the number of people staying. The results are sorted according emerged from the lowest to the highest. The calculations were already system and by calculation that has been designed is expected to work as expected.

scholarly journals Concentration and Competition in the Albanian Banking Sector

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleana Lici ◽  
Irena Boboli
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Banking System ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Banking Market ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

Albania has a relatively new financial system, where banking system is the most developed financial service in our country, with a share of 94, 4% of the total financial services. This is a phenomenon of countries with emerging economies, which proves that there is greater reliance on the state economic development of the banking sector, by effecting from the households to the biggest investors and the government. As in any market, competition is important for the banking sector because, it affects the efficiency and the quality of services offered. Furthermore, competition in banking has also implications for other sectors of the economy. So, higher competition in the banking sector is found to be associated with a faster growth of other sectors of the economy that rely on external financing. The main goal of this paper is to understand the characteristics of competition in our banking system and study the relationship between the level of concentration and competition. We are going to measure the concentration by the “H” indices. The “H” (Herfindaflit) indices is a measure of the level of the concentration of the banking system of a country. A high level of the indices shows a high level of concentration and as a consequence a low level of competition. A low level of the indices shows a low level of concentration which is sign of a banking market with a high competition.

scholarly journals The United States: The First Formalization of Banking Supervision

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Eiji Hotori ◽  
Mikael Wendschlag ◽  
Thibaud Giddey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Banking System ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Us ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
National Banking System

AbstractThis chapter examines the formalization of banking supervision in the United States (US), focusing on the federal level. During the “free banking era” from the late 1830s to 1864, several state governments created banking supervisory systems at the state level. Triggered by the fiscal needs of the Civil War, as well as the demand for a national currency, the US became the first country to introduce uniform nationwide banking supervision with the creation of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the national banking system. The main purpose of the OCC was to ensure that the national banks did not violate the regulations related to the new currency, the US dollar. From a historical perspective, the rapid social and economic development of the US from the 1850s provided the background for this institutional change. Although the US case demonstrates that financial crises have not always driven the formalization of banking supervision, the crises of 1907 and the Great Depression served to further strengthen the formalization of banking supervision by prompting the introduction of multi-agency banking supervision in the US.

A national plan, built from below ? — The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, India

Social Change ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 69-88
Author(s):  
Kanchi Kohli ◽  
Ashish Kothari
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
External Support ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), formulated from 2000 to 2003, was envisaged as a comprehensive action plan for conserving biodiversity in India, that would adequately reflect the aspirations of the hitherto marginalised peoples who have a direct stake in biodiversity conservation. For the first time, a truly participatory approach was adopted for environmental conservation and planning in India. For a country of India's size, biological and cultural diversity and immense social and economic divides, this has been no easy task for Kalpavriksh Environmental Action Group, the NGO with whom the Government of India is collaborating to formulate the NBSAP. In this article, the process and products of the NBSAP are reviewed, outlining its aims, the extent to which these have been met and the limitations in the process of its formulation. Through 33 state-level, 18 local-level and 10 inter-state level plans, the draft National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) recommends a series of bold measures to ensure that the country's ecological security is ensured. These measures call for a major reorientation of the process of economic development and of governance of natural resources, such that the health of the environment, and the livelihoods of biomass-dependent communities become central to all planning. The NBSAP process has been highly successful with respect to degree of involvement of local communities, development of linkages with ongoing conservation action, integration of cross-cutting issues such as globalisation and livelihood into conservation planning, and comprehensive assessment of various aspects of biodiversity. Implementation of the NBSAP has already begun in parts of nine states without external support, showing the high level of impact it has had on active citizens’ groups and governmental bodies. However, the planning process suffered from a number of inadequacies such as ineffective networking with some critical sections of the public such as religious leaders and corporate houses and unsatisfactory degree of involvement of women.

scholarly journals Economic growth, pollution, and quality of environment: estimation of problems and solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Victor Zaernyuk ◽  
◽  
Yuriy Zabaykin ◽  
Mikhail Kharlamov ◽  
Zhang Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Research Production ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
High Level

Faced with the dilemma of industrial economic growth and improved environmental quality, the government must formulate a sound environmental regulatory policy to accelerate the tipping point of improving environmental quality. In our opinion, the issues of measuring the effectiveness and rationality of economic policies and environmental regulation tools will be at the centre of scientists’ upcoming research. Production with a high level of pollution limits the further development of the economy of any country. It is necessary to radically change the mode of development of the industrial economy, which requires a constant increase in the overall productivity of «green» factors of production, which contribute to improving the quality of economic growth in industry. In the process of accelerating the «green» transformation of the economy, the important role of the productivity of «green» factors in the transformation of the economic growth regime should be fully realized. The authors examine environmental factors that directly affect the country’s economy in the context of the selected indicators. Improving the quality of the environment is not an inevitable endogenous result in the process of economic growth, that is why, we cannot continue the current extensive economic growth regime and expect automatic improvement in the quality of the environment. There is a certain threshold for the quality of the environment. As soon as environmental pollution exceeds the capacity of the ecosystem, it will lead to irreversible environmental losses. Therefore, we must first correct the concept of pollution, and then control it, taking into account the improvement of environmental quality and economic growth.

scholarly journals Features of Implication of Memory Policy in Norway and Denmark

2017 ◽  
pp. 147-164
Author(s):  
Dmytro Lakishyk
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Main Function ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The consolidation potential of memory policy in Norway and Denmark is analyzed. During the study, the distinctive features of the implementation of the memory policy of Norway and Denmark have been revealed. As in most European countries, the policy of the memory of the Scandinavian countries is reflected at the state level after the events of the Second World War. But the process of reconciliation with the past in Norway and Denmark in the 1970’s began to differ from a similar Western-European one. The north of the European continent was permeated with radical challenges to post-war historiography, which traditionally continued to represent a rather unified version of the interpretation of the events of the Second World War. Intensification of the study of memory dates back to the beginning of the twenty-first century. This process was especially noticeable in Denmark, where a large number of books on “dark spots” of the history of war were published, while in Norway, the number of publications was much smaller. Museums and exhibitions, which play an important role in representing the views of the Second Messenger War, are an important element in shaping memory policy. The main function of museums in Norway and Denmark was the restoration of national identity after the traumatic experience of war, which they still carry. Also, the integral parts of implementing the policy of memory in Scandinavian countries are measures devoted to the end of the war. In Norway and Denmark, as in other countries of the world, “memory days” are the cornerstone of memory policy. They are an important element for strengthening group identities and are a central component of collective memory.

scholarly journals The ideology of european unity in 1923-1932

2016 ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
Lesya Goncharenko ◽  
Irina Golub
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Postwar Europe ◽  
European Unity ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
The Government ◽  
Integration Project ◽  
Second World

The article analyzes the main provisions of pan-European projects by R.Coudenhove-Kalergi and A.Briand, who formed the basis of the ideology of European unity in the Inter-War period. On the basis of these projects it examines the theoretical basis of future integration processes and their practical value in the future creation of the government associations of the European unions. The article reveals the essence of the ideas of European unity and their bringing to the European society. It investigates the main reasons of the origin of the unifying ideas on the European continent. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of the essence of European unification, the rationality of its necessity. The article analyzes the content of the integration project R.Coudenhove-Kalergi and A.Briand and their fundamental importance in shaping the conceptual integration’s main goals of the future association. It as well highlights the negative reaction of the European ruling elites on these ideas and explains the reasons for this relationship. It is concluded that the ideology of European unity R.Coudenhove-Kalergi and A.Briand created the projects of alternative arrangement of postwar Europe, the main purpose of which was to achieve peace and prosperity of the European countries, but under objective historical circumstances (the spread of the ideas of revanchism, fascism and the preparation of countries to the Second World War), these ideas were untimely, and therefore delayed for several decades.

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