scholarly journals Evaluating Agricultural Value Chains on CISS-F Framework

2022 ◽  
pp. 11-31
Author(s):  
Ashok Gulati ◽  
Kavery Ganguly ◽  
T. Nanda Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Market Linkages

AbstractTechnology, institutions and markets together drive agricultural value chains in becoming more competitive, inclusive, sustainable and scalable, and in improving access to finance. Institutions that focused on aggregating marginal and smallholders, empowering farmers with better bargaining power, inducing economies of scale and creating market linkages have been pivotal in the successful transformation of these sectors.

Barriers to Entry and Implications for Competition Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Roberts
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
African Context ◽  
Regulatory Barriers ◽  
Consumer Switching

Competition requires rivals. While this rivalry may come from imports, the development of local capabilities and productive capacity for rivalry, including by black industrialists in the South African context, means understanding the barriers to entry that local producers must overcome. Barriers to entry are also critical for the correct balance between the risks of over- and under-enforcement and are one reason why it has been recommended that countries should adopt different standards for competition evaluation. This chapter draws on studies of barriers to entry in different markets in South Africa to consider the nature and extent of these barriers and the implications for competition policy. It highlights issues related to regulatory barriers, consumer switching costs and branding, routes to market, and vertical integration, as well as economies of scale and access to finance.

scholarly journals Importance of the industrial production sector and Serbia's inclusion in global value chains

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 289-305
Author(s):  
Miladin Kovačević ◽  
Katarina Stančić ◽  
Svetlana Jelić
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Investment Efficiency

The share of industrial production in GDP has expressed accelerated decrease for several last decades, while at the same time the sector of services gains an ever-increasing role in the modern society. A general impression is that the process of deindustrialization is an unavoidable global phenomenon. However, the fact that seems to be neglected is that historical observations indicate industrial sector as the pillar of longstanding development and progress, and that its role in overcoming the stages of crisis is of crucial importance, just as showed the episode of COVID-19 pandemic. The modern industrial sector cannot be observed out of the context of international production and trade, which acknowledge and express the final purpose of industrial investments, since they ensure possible overcoming of the national market limits, the achievement of economies of scale in relatively short time, and most importantly - the access to modern technologies. The development of global value chains, i.e. the production fragmentation based on the international division of labour, presents a revolutionary, global phenomenon, which has provided a chance for every country to get included into the process of global industrial production according to its comparative advantages. Serbia takes part in the global value chains owing to its geographic position, respectful human resources/professional staff, infrastructure, and the national openness; however, the implied question is the quality of the participation and what can be done to achieve better results. Can we regard Serbia just as the hub where final products are assembled or there is a considerable value added created in our factories? This paper offers an overview of the subsectors with the highest inclusion in the global value chains, as well as the analysis of their exports, output and gross value added trends, and the parameters of efficiency of investment in the most profitable subsectors. Identifying the areas with low investment efficiency is an important diagnostic tool for decision makers and presents a challenge as regards the adequate allocation of resources leading to increased profitability of investments and exports. Finally, we present the overview of the developments in ICT sector that is recognized as a valuable chance for Serbia, having in mind its increasing share in GDP, and its significance for the forthcoming process of digitalization and Industry 4.0.

scholarly journals Impact of Covid-19 on Cooperatives Movement in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jean Bosco Harelimana ◽  
◽  
Pacifique Mugwaneza ◽  
Nteze Claude Musabwa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
New Product ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
The Government

Cooperatives play important role in promoting inclusive, sustainable development and economic transformation. Cooperatives can offer significant benefits to their members through the principle of strength in numbers and pooled resources, including increased bargaining power; reduced costs through economies of scale; the ability to obtain goods or services they otherwise would not have access to; the ability to diversify and expand production into new product ranges; the ability to improve product quality through collective investment; and overall increased incomes in accordance with cooperative values and principles. The world now encounters a grim reality, with exponential growth of contagion of COVID-19 pandemic, human lives are being lost and the virus continues to spread rapidly across the globe. Different prevention measures including the confinement were enacted by the government. Cooperatives operations were suspected due to the confinement. This paper examines the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on cooperatives in Rwanda using descriptive statistics from primary and secondary data collected which helped to draw conclusions on the effect of the pandemic. The results highlight the impacts till now of the pandemic on cooperative formation, income losses for both members and cooperatives, effects on working capital and investment, and key facts on cooperative contributions to support their members.

scholarly journals The Impact of Plant Variety Protection Regulations on the Governance of Agri-Food Value Chains

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Di Fonzo ◽  
Vanessa Nardone ◽  
Negin Fathinejad ◽  
Carlo Russo
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Plant Variety Protection ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Variety Protection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Food Value

More than 25 years after the 1991 reform of the Union for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV) treaty, the regulation of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) is still controversial. While the incentives to private innovations are unquestionable, concerns have been raised about farmers’ access to resources, the weakening of their bargaining power, their entrepreneurial freedom, and ultimately their welfare. Our paper investigates the effect of PVP regulation on the governance of agri-food value chains (AFVC) with a small-scale survey of kiwi producers in Italy. We found that AFVC trading-protected (club) plant varieties are more likely to exhibit captive governance forms than those trading the free varieties. Nevertheless, the producers of club kiwis achieve higher returns from their investments and bear less risk than others. Because of the high demand for the club fruits, the breeders must give farmers highly profitable contract terms in order to elicit the production and to promote the adoption of the new cultivar. As a consequence, farmers are capturing a share of the value of innovation, even if the breeders have a strong protection. The long-run sustainability of this win-win agreement between breeders and farmers might be jeopardized should the demand for the new varieties fall.

An Overview Of Value Chains, Supply Chains And Strategic Alliances Issues

2011 ◽  
pp. 61-81
Author(s):  
Tamio Shimizu ◽  
Marley Monteiro de Carvalho ◽  
Fernando Jose Barbin
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
A Company

In the competitive scenario unfolding at the beginning of the 21st century, characterized by the fast pace of technologic changes and opening and volatilization of global markets, an understanding of global value chains is of critical importance to outlining strategy. As shown in Chapter II, in the most complex production chains, assessing bargaining power in relation to customers and suppliers may not be enough to understand the power relationships in the global competitive market. Imagine a semiconductors industry, whose clients may be the PC industry, but also be in telecommunications, electronics end users, and new areas such as smart cards. How can one discuss bargaining power based only on the elements introduced on Chapter II? On the other hand, the process of decentralizing production activities, very often marked by globally-based outsourcing and by the streamlining of yesterday’s large corporate structures, created the so-called “network-companies.” According to Chesnais (1996), large companies operating on a global basis gave priority to some functions considered strategic, leading a global chain of suppliers and distributors, performing activities previously performed by verticalized companies. This process of “de-verticalization” presents some risks. However, when a company takes over value activities, it is possible to enforce its interests over other chain links by using its economic power. For small companies, which are part of these large chains, the understanding of power dynamics and relations is decisive for their survival and development, and to outline defensive strategies enabling them to increase their relative power in the chain by means of partnerships and networks of cooperation. The issues discussed are vital for strategy definition, since they bring a more detailed understanding of the game rules of the global value chains and of how to take advantage of its configuration, using networks and partnerships, or making use of location. This chapter intends to present a more in-depth discussion of the supply chain, introducing issues such as location, networks of cooperation, and the study of governance, both of local and global scope. The concept of value chains, both in product-based and in service-based industries, are addressed.

Role of Agri-Food Value Chains in Bolstering Small and Marginal Farmers in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-150
Author(s):  
Dipanjan Kashyap ◽  
Sanjib Bhuyan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Food Value

India's agri-food value chains have been evolving over the last few decades to cater to the growing consumer demand for healthy, safe, and nutritious food. These value chains are increasingly getting integrated from production to marketing to cater to such demand. While large and/or commercial farmers have easy access to such modern food value chains, small and marginal farmers in India and other developing countries alike are unable to take advantage of the same. Focusing on improving the agri-food value chains, particularly for perishables, makes a strong case in India given most Indian farmers are small and marginal farmers and are unable to take advantage of economies of scale. It is encouraging that both public and private sector entities are getting engaged in connecting Indian farmers directly to the supply chains of various crops. However, more needs to be done to make the processes, particularly in the public sector, the least bureaucratic and more farmer-focused so that small and marginal farmers in particular, benefit widely.

Manufacturing in a High Cost Environment

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Roos
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
Current State ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
The One

This chapter explores the current state of flux in manufacturing. It examines the forces that drive fragmentation and dispersion of value chains on the one hand and those that drive concentration and integration of value chains on the other. These forces are underpinned by changes in technology, wage costs, business environment, importance of economies of scale for production, need for interaction with customers and input providers, needs for skills in the manufacturing workforce, and the workings of industrial commons and economic complexity. Analysing these changes at the level of the firm, this chapter puts the competitive focus on the creation of value more than on cutting costs (although both are important). The policy environment must provide both carrot and stick to ensure that firms align with these developments. In this dynamic world, an effective policy response requires a shift from any single dominating economic lens (e.g. neo-classical, neo-Keynesian, neo-Schumpeterian, evolutionary) to a situation-specific approach.

ICT for Improving Financial Access in Informal Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Mwanaidi Shafii Msuya
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Formal Finance

Access to finance is an important factor for the sustainability and growth of business. Lack of finance means that, the business will operate under-optimal and cannot enjoy economies of scale. This article explores the difficulties of informal sector access to formal finance. The author offers means by which information and communication technology (ICT) can help bridge that gap. The study carried out asystematic literature review where several articles from Sub-Saharan Africa were reviewed. The findings show that access to finance is constrained by information asymmetry, lack of collateral, business informality, and bureaucratic procedures for accessing finance. ICT has potential to overcome these challenges by streamlining information flow, providing online collateral registration and reducing administrative processes for loan processing, disbursement and repayment. The findings suggest that, despite the big digital revolution in Africa, little has been done to align the digital world with the challenges of the informal sector.

scholarly journals Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Graham ◽  
Isis Hjorth ◽  
Vili Lehdonvirta
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Sub Saharan

As ever more policy-makers, governments and organisations turn to the gig economy and digital labour as an economic development strategy to bring jobs to places that need them, it becomes important to understand better how this might influence the livelihoods of workers. Drawing on a multi-year study with digital workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia, this article highlights four key concerns for workers: bargaining power, economic inclusion, intermediated value chains, and upgrading. The article shows that although there are important and tangible benefits for a range of workers, there are also a range of risks and costs that unduly affect the livelihoods of digital workers. Building on those concerns, it then concludes with a reflection on four broad strategies – certification schemes, organising digital workers, regulatory strategies and democratic control of online labour platforms – that could be employed to improve conditions and livelihoods for digital workers.

City-Level Auditor Industry Specialization, Economies of Scale, and Audit Pricing

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Yu Kit Fung ◽  
Ferdinand A. Gul ◽  
Jagan Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Audit Pricing ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Auditor Industry Specialization ◽  
Negative Effect

ABSTRACT We examine the effects of city-level auditor industry specialization and scale economies on audit pricing in the United States. Using a sample of Big N clients for the 2000–2007 period, and a scale measure based on percentile rankings of the number of audit clients at the city-industry level, we document significant specialization premiums and scale discounts in both the pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) periods. However, the effects of industry specialization and scale economies on audit pricing are highly interactive. The negative effect of city-industry scale on audit fees obtains only for clients of specialist auditors. By contrast, clients of non-specialist auditors obtain scale discounts only when they enjoy strong bargaining power, suggesting that auditors are “forced” to pass on scale economies to clients with greater bargaining power. Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the article.

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