Competition thresholds for the survival and growth of ponderosa pine seedlings associated with woody and herbaceous vegetation

New Forests ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Wagner ◽  
Terry D. Petersen ◽  
Darrell W. Ross ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth

Effect of Bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa) on Soil Moisture and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

An experiment was established in 1961 to determine the influence of bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth.) competition on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) survival and growth. Ponderosa pine seedlings were planted in bearmat which was: (A) untreated, (B) sprayed with a mixture of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and (C) eliminated by a combination of herbicide, clipping sprouts, and trenching to prevent root and rhizome invasion. Ponderosa pine survival after 19 yr averaged 9%, 66%, and 90%, respectively, for the three treatments. Tree height after 19 yr averaged 1.6, 1.9, and 5.7 m for treatments A, B, and C, respectively. Soil moisture use was initially less on the herbicide-treated than on the untreated plots, but bearmat quickly sprouted after application to compete with the pine seedlings for moisture. After 19 yr the bearmat was more dense and appeared to be more vigorous on the sprayed plots than on those receiving no treatment. We estimate that 75% reduction in net wood production could result after 50 yr on this site from bearmat competition.

scholarly journals Naturally Seeded versus Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings in Group-Selection Openings

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. McDonald ◽  
Gary Fiddler ◽  
Martin Ritchie ◽  
Paula Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract The purpose of this article was to determine whether natural regeneration or planted seedlings should be used in group-selection openings. The answer depends on the survival and growth rate of both types of seedlings, and that could depend on the size of the openings and the effect of trees on their edge. In this side-by-side study, the natural pine seedlings originated from the 1988 seed crop and the 1–0 nursery-grown seedlings were outplanted in spring 1989. Openings ranged from 0.01 to 0.65 ha. The plant community consisted of many species of shrubs, forbs, and grasses with manzanita having the highest density and greatest development. After 9 years, manzanita had an average density of 13,870 plants/ha, 2,050 m2/ha of foliar cover, and was 125 cm tall. From 1990 to 1997, planted ponderosa pine seedlings were taller (P < 0.05) than natural seedlings, and from 1995 to 1997, mean stem diameter at 30 cm of planted seedlings was larger than natural counterparts (P < 0.05). Development for 1 year in the nursery apparently gave the planted seedlings a growth advantage over the natural seedlings. For natural seedlings, distance from opening edge had little effect on pine height or diameter growth regardless of opening size. Planted seedlings, however, appeared to increase in height and diameter growth with both opening size and distance from edge.

Genetically Improved Ponderosa Pine Seedlings Outgrow Nursery-Run Seedlings with and without Competition—Early Findings

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. McDonald ◽  
Gary O. Fiddler ◽  
Jay H. Kitzmiller
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Genetically Improved

Abstract Three classes of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings (nursery-run, wind-pollinated, control-pollinated) were evaluated for stem height and diameter at the USDA Forest Service's Placerville Nursery and the Georgetown Ranger District in northern California. Pines in all three classes were grown with competing vegetation or maintained in a free-to-grow condition. Control-pollinated seedlings were statistically taller (P < 0.05) than nursery-run counterparts when outplanted, and after 1 and 2 growing seasons in the field with and without competition. They also had significantly larger diameters when outplanted and after 2 growing seasons in the field when free to grow. Wind-pollinated seedlings grew taller than nursery-run seedlings when free to grow. A large amount of competing vegetation [bearclover (Chamaebatia foliolosa)—29,490 plants per acre; herbaceous vegetation—11,500; hardwood sprouts—233; and whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida) seedlings—100] ensure that future pine development will be tested rigorously. West. J. Appl. For. 9(2):00-00.

scholarly journals Influence of herbaceous and woody competition on white pine regeneration in a uniform shelterwood

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (05) ◽  
pp. 653-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Pitt ◽  
Andrée Morneault ◽  
William Parker ◽  
Len Lanteigne ◽  
Michael Hoepting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Survival And Growth

We investigated the effects of herbaceous and woody vegetation control on the survival and growth of planted and natural eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings through six growing seasons following a uniform shelterwood regeneration harvest on two independent sites. Subsequent to chain scarification, white pine seedlings were planted at 2-m spacing, augmenting natural regeneration (full stocking and >3000 seedlings per ha). Herbaceous vegetation control involved the suppression of grasses, forbs, ferns, and low shrubs, and was maintained for zero, two, or four growing seasons after planting. Woody control involved the removal of all tall shrubs and deciduous trees, and was conducted at the time of planting, at the end of the second or fifth growing seasons, or not at all. White pine seedling growth responded positively to increased duration of herbaceous vegetation control and negatively to delayed woody control. Maximum growth was not realized unless both types of vegetation were suppressed. During the first six growing seasons, the height growth of planted pine was more than twice that of naturally regenerating pine, regardless of tending regime. The study suggests that successful white pine regeneration may be achieved by thinning from below to allow 50% to 60% of full sunlight in the understory, followed by the proactive, early suppression of woody and herbaceous vegetation to maintain optimum light levels and reduce competition for soil moisture and nutrients.

Grading Ponderosa Pine Seedlings for Outplanting According to their Root Volume1

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Rose ◽  
John Gleason ◽  
Mary Atkinson ◽  
Tom Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In probably one of the first studies of its kind, three different seed sources of 2 + 0 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings were graded on the basis of three root-volume categories (< 4.5, 4.5-7, and > 7 cm³) and out-planted to determine differences in survival and growth over 1 and 2 growing seasons, examine the relationship of seedling field height to nursery root volume, total fresh weight, diameter, and height over the same period, and observe differences in nutrient uptake by seedlings among the three categories over 174 days in the field. Seedling survival was good over the two growing seasons. Seedlings graded to the largest root-volume category were significantly taller and grew significantly more than those in the two smaller categories over the 2 years. Nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over the growing season, those seedlings with larger root volumes showing the greatest decrease. The results suggest that root volume has potential as a useful criterion for grading seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):11-15.

scholarly journals Response of Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings to Weed Control by Herbicide in Western Montana

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Fabian C. C. Uzoh
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract The effects of competing herbaceous vegetation on the growth of ponderosa pine seedlings with and without the herbicide Pronone were characterized in this 1987-1990 study. Study areas were established in 36 plantations across western Montana on Champion International Corporation's timberland (currently owned by Plum Creek Timber Company). The study sites were divided into three precipitation classes: low, medium, and high. Mean percent stem volume growth was calculated for 3 yr by precipitation class. Split-plot analyses of variance for precipitation class, treatment, and interaction were conducted across sites between treated and untreated seedlings to test for significant (a = 0.05) differences in growth. A two-dimensional plot of precipitation class by treated versus untreated trees was constructed to show growth rate trends. After 3 growing seasons, the treated seedlings showed significantly higher stem volume growth than their untreated counterparts regardless of precipitation class. The difference between treated and untreated seedlings was statistically significant. West. J. Appl. For. 14(1):48-52.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physical Barriers to Protect Ponderosa Pine Seedlings from Pocket Gophers

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pipas ◽  
Gary W. Witmer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Pocket Gophers ◽  
Thomomys Talpoides ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Medium Weight ◽  
Better Than

Abstract A 2 yr study on the Rogue River and Mt. Hood National Forests in Oregon evaluated physical barriers for protection of Pinus ponderosa seedlings against damage by Thomomys talpoides. Seedlings protected with one of three weights of: (1) plastic mesh tubing (Vexar®) or (2) sandpapertubing (Durite®) were evaluated against control seedlings. On the Rogue River sites, Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (62.6%), followed by the controls (59.1%), then Durite® seedlings (17.9%). Gophers were the primary cause of death for the Vexar® seedlings, versus desiccation for the Durite® seedlings. On the Mt. Hood sites, heavyweight Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (35.4%), medium-weight Durite® seedlings the lowest (2.7%). Seedling mortality caused by gophers was highest for controls (70.2%), followed by light-weight (62.2%) and heavy-weight (53.9%) Vexar® treatments. Overall survival was low (Rogue River = 42%, Mt. Hood = 19.8%). Growth was greatest for the control seedlings but only significantly greater than growth of Durite® seedlings on the Rogue River sites. Growth of seedlings was not compromised by the Vexar® tubing. Although neither type of tubing was highly protective, Vexar® tubes performed better than Durite® tubes. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):164-168.

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