scholarly journals Carbon dioxide, water vapor and sensible heat fluxes over a tallgrass prairie

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi B. Verma ◽  
Joon Kim ◽  
Robert J. Clement
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat

A Positive Feedback Process Related to the Rapid Development of an Extratropical Cyclone over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetaka Hirata ◽  
Ryuichi Kawamura ◽  
Masaya Kato ◽  
Taro Shinoda
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Kuroshio Extension ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Latent Heating ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Feedback Process ◽  
The Kuroshio

Abstract The active roles of sensible heat supply from the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension in the rapid development of an extratropical cyclone, which occurred in the middle of January 2013, were examined by using a regional cloud-resolving model. In this study, a control experiment and three sensitivity experiments without sensible and latent heat fluxes from the warm currents were conducted. When the cyclone intensified, sensible heat fluxes from these currents become prominent around the cold conveyor belt (CCB) in the control run. Comparisons among the four runs revealed that the sensible heat supply facilitates deepening of the cyclone’s central pressure, CCB development, and enhanced latent heating over the bent-back front. The sensible heat supply enhances convectively unstable conditions within the atmospheric boundary layer along the CCB. The increased convective instability is released by the forced ascent associated with frontogenesis around the bent-back front, eventually promoting updraft and resultant latent heating. Additionally, the sensible heating leads to an increase in the water vapor content of the saturated air related to the CCB through an increase in the saturation mixing ratio. This increased water vapor content reinforces the moisture flux convergence at the bent-back front, contributing to the activation of latent heating. Previous research has proposed a positive feedback process between the CCB and latent heating over the bent-back front in terms of moisture supply from warm currents. Considering the above two effects of the sensible heat supply, this study revises the positive feedback process.

scholarly journals Low-level jets and above-canopy drainage as causes of turbulent exchange in the nocturnal boundary layer

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4507-4519 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. El-Madany ◽  
H. F. Duarte ◽  
D. J. Durden ◽  
B. Paas ◽  
M. J. Deventer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Intermittent Turbulence ◽  
Low Level Jets ◽  
Vertical Wind Velocity

Abstract. Sodar (SOund Detection And Ranging), eddy-covariance, and tower profile measurements of wind speed and carbon dioxide were performed during 17 consecutive nights in complex terrain in northern Taiwan. The scope of the study was to identify the causes for intermittent turbulence events and to analyze their importance in nocturnal atmosphere–biosphere exchange as quantified with eddy-covariance measurements. If intermittency occurs frequently at a measurement site, then this process needs to be quantified in order to achieve reliable values for ecosystem characteristics such as net ecosystem exchange or net primary production. Fourteen events of intermittent turbulence were identified and classified into above-canopy drainage flows (ACDFs) and low-level jets (LLJs) according to the height of the wind speed maximum. Intermittent turbulence periods lasted between 30 and 110 min. Towards the end of LLJ or ACDF events, positive vertical wind velocities and, in some cases, upslope flows occurred, counteracting the general flow regime at nighttime. The observations suggest that the LLJs and ACDFs penetrate deep into the cold air pool in the valley, where they experience strong buoyancy due to density differences, resulting in either upslope flows or upward vertical winds. Turbulence was found to be stronger and better developed during LLJs and ACDFs, with eddy-covariance data presenting higher quality. This was particularly indicated by spectral analysis of the vertical wind velocity and the steady-state test for the time series of the vertical wind velocity in combination with the horizontal wind component, the temperature, and carbon dioxide. Significantly higher fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and shear stress occurred during these periods. During LLJs and ACDFs, fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 were mostly one-directional. For example, exclusively negative sensible heat fluxes occurred while intermittent turbulence was present. Latent heat fluxes were mostly positive during LLJs and ACDFs, with a median value of 34 W m−2, while outside these periods the median was 2 W m−2. In conclusion, intermittent turbulence periods exhibit a strong impact on nocturnal energy and mass fluxes.

The role of soil characteristics on measured and modelled carbon dioxide and energy fluxes for Arctic dwarf shrub tundra sites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesa Meyer ◽  
Elyn Humphreys ◽  
Joe Melton ◽  
Peter Lafleur ◽  
Philip Marsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Dwarf Shrub ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Shrub Tundra ◽  
Tundra Ecosystems

<p>Four years of growing season eddy covariance measurements of net carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and energy fluxes were used to examine the similarities/differences in surface-atmosphere interactions at two dwarf shrub tundra sites within Canada’s Southern Arctic ecozone, separated by approximately 1000 km. Both sites, Trail Valley Creek (TVC) and Daring Lake (DL1), are characterised by similar climate (with some differences in radiation due to latitudinal differences), vegetation composition and structure, and are underlain by continuous permafrost, but differ in their soil characteristics. Total atmospheric heating (the sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes) was similar at the two sites. However, at DL1, where the surface organic layer was thinner and mineral soil coarser in texture, latent heat fluxes were greater, sensible heat fluxes were lower, soils were warmer and the active layer thicker. At TVC, cooler soils likely kept ecosystem respiration relatively low despite similar total growing season productivity. As a result, the 4-year mean net growing season ecosystem CO<sub>2 </sub>uptake (May 1 - September 30) was almost twice as large at TVC (64 ± 19 g C m<sup>-2</sup>) compared to DL1 (33 ± 11 g C m<sup>-2</sup>). These results highlight that soil and thaw characteristics are important to understand variability in surface-atmosphere interactions among tundra ecosystems.</p><p>As recent studies have shown, winter fluxes play an important role in the annual CO<sub>2</sub> balance of Arctic tundra ecosystems. However, flux measurements were not available at TVC and DL1 during the cold season. Thus, the process-based ecosystem model CLASSIC (the Canadian Land Surface Scheme including biogeochemical Cycles, formerly CLASS-CTEM) was used to simulate year-round fluxes. In order to represent the Arctic shrub tundra better, shrub and sedge plant functional types were included in CLASSIC and results were evaluated using measurements at DL1. Preliminary results indicate that cold season CO<sub>2</sub> losses are substantial and may exceed the growing season CO<sub>2</sub> uptake at DL1 during 2010-2017. The joint use of observations and models is valuable in order to better constrain the Arctic CO<sub>2</sub> balance.  </p>

scholarly journals Venting of Heat and Carbon Dioxide from Urban Canyons at Night

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1180-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Salmond ◽  
T. R. Oke ◽  
C. S. B. Grimmond ◽  
S. Roberts ◽  
B. Offerle
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Boundary Layer ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Street Canyons

Abstract Turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide and sensible heat were observed in the surface layer of the weakly convective nocturnal boundary layer over the center of the city of Marseille, France, during the Expérience sur Sites pour Contraindre les Modèles de Pollution Atmosphérique et de Transport d’Emission (ESCOMPTE) field experiment in the summer of 2001. The data reveal intermittent events or bursts in the time series of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and air temperature that are superimposed upon the background values. These features relate to intermittent structures in the fluxes of CO2 and sensible heat. In Marseille, CO2 is primarily emitted into the atmosphere at street level from vehicle exhausts. In a similar way, nocturnal sensible heat fluxes are most likely to originate in the deep street canyons that are warmer than adjacent roof surfaces. Wavelet analysis is used to examine the hypothesis that CO2 concentrations can be used as a tracer to identify characteristics of the venting of pollutants and heat from street canyons into the above-roof nocturnal urban boundary layer. Wavelet analysis is shown to be effective in the identification and analysis of significant events and coherent structures within the turbulent time series. Late in the evening, there is a strong correlation between the burst structures observed in the air temperature and CO2 time series. Evidence suggests that the localized increases of temperature and CO2 observed above roof level in the urban boundary layer (UBL) are related to intermittent venting of sensible heat from the warmer urban canopy layer (UCL). However, later in the night, local advection of CO2 in the UBL, combined with reduced traffic emissions in the UCL, limit the value of CO2 as a tracer of convective plumes in the UBL.

scholarly journals Measurements of energy and water vapor fluxes over different surfaces in the Heihe River Basin, China

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 8741-8780 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Liu ◽  
Z. Xu ◽  
W. Wang ◽  
J. Bai ◽  
Z. Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
The Heihe River Basin

Abstract. We analyzed the seasonal variations of energy and water vapor fluxes over three different surfaces: irrigated cropland (Yingke, YK), alpine meadow (A'rou, AR), and spruce forest (Guantan, GT). The energy and water vapor fluxes were measured using eddy covariance systems (EC) and a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) in the Heihe River Basin, China, in 2008 and 2009. We also determined the source areas of the EC and LAS measurements with a footprint model for each site, and discussed the differences between the sensible heat fluxes measured by EC and LAS. The results show that the main EC source areas were within a radius of 250 m at all sites. The main source area for the LAS (with a path length of 2390 m) stretched along a path line approximately 2000 m long and 700 m wide. The surface characteristics in the source areas changed according to season and site, and there were characteristic seasonal variations in the energy and water vapor fluxes at all sites. The sensible heat flux was the main term of the energy budget during the dormant season. During the growing season, however, the latent heat flux dominated the energy budget, and an obvious "oasis effect" was observed at YK. The evapotranspiration (ET) at YK was larger than those at the other two sites. The monthly ET reached its peak in July at YK and in June at GT in both 2008 and 2009, while it reached its peak in August at AR in 2008 and in June in 2009. The sensible heat fluxes measured by LAS at AR were larger than those measured by EC at the same site. This difference seems to be caused by the energy imbalance of EC, the heterogeneity of the underlying surfaces, and the difference between the source areas of the LAS and EC measurements.

Carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes in winter wheat and tallgrass prairie in central Oklahoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 1511-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen Bajgain ◽  
Xiangming Xiao ◽  
Jeffrey Basara ◽  
Pradeep Wagle ◽  
Yuting Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie

Atmospheric Response to a Partial Solar Eclipse over a Cotton Field in Central California

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1792-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Mauder ◽  
R. L. Desjardins ◽  
Steven P. Oncley ◽  
Ian MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Turbulent Fluxes ◽  
Cotton Field ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Central California ◽  
Partial Solar Eclipse

Abstract The partial solar eclipse on 11 July 1991 in central California, with 58.3% maximum coverage, provided an exceptional opportunity to study the temporal response of processes in the atmospheric boundary layer to an abrupt change in solar radiation. Almost laboratory-like conditions were met over a cotton field, since no clouds disturbed the course of the eclipse. Tower-based and complementing aircraft-based systems monitored the micrometeorological conditions over the site. Temperature profile measurements indicated neutral stratification during the maximum eclipse in contrast to the unstable conditions before and after the eclipse. Accordingly, the sensible heat exchange completely stopped, as a wavelet analysis of the tower measurements and airborne eddy-covariance measurements showed. Turbulent fluxes of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone were reduced by approximately ⅔ at the peak of the eclipse. Wavelet analysis further indicated that the same eddies contributed to the turbulent transport of water vapor and carbon dioxide, whereas sensible heat was transported by different ones. An analysis of the decay of turbulent kinetic energy followed a power law of time with an exponent of −1.25. The response of the sensible heat flux was 8–13 min delayed relative to the solar forcing, whereas no significant time lag could be detected for the turbulent fluxes of air constituents.

scholarly journals Tower and Aircraft Eddy Covariance Measurements of Water Vapor, Energy, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes during SMACEX

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Prueger ◽  
J. L. Hatfield ◽  
T. B. Parkin ◽  
W. P. Kustas ◽  
L. E. Hipps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
Aircraft Flux Measurements ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract A network of eddy covariance (EC) and micrometeorological flux (METFLUX) stations over corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] canopies was established as part of the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) in central Iowa during the summer of 2002 to measure fluxes of heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide (CO2) during the growing season. Additionally, EC measurements of water vapor and CO2 fluxes from an aircraft platform complemented the tower-based measurements. Sensible heat, water vapor, and CO2 fluxes showed the greatest spatial and temporal variability during the early crop growth stage. Differences in all of the energy balance components were detectable between corn and soybean as well as within similar crops throughout the study period. Tower network–averaged fluxes of sensible heat, water vapor, and CO2 were observed to be in good agreement with area-averaged aircraft flux measurements.

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