Structural properties of high-quality sputtered Fe films on Al2O3(1120) and MgO(001) substrates

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. M�hge ◽  
A. Stierle ◽  
N. Metoki ◽  
H. Zabel ◽  
U. Pietsch
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
High Quality

scholarly journals The Freeze-Drying of Foods—The Characteristic of the Process Course and the Effect of Its Parameters on the Physical Properties of Food Materials

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Nowak ◽  
Ewa Jakubczyk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Secondary Drying ◽  
Selection Of

Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is a process in which water in the form of ice under low pressure is removed from a material by sublimation. This process has found many applications for the production of high quality food and pharmaceuticals. The main steps of the freeze-drying process, such as the freezing of the product and primary and secondary drying, are described in this paper. The problems and mechanisms of each step of the freeze-drying process are also analyzed. The methods necessary for the selection of the primary and secondary end processes are characterized. The review contains a description of the effects of process conditions and the selected physical properties of freeze-dried materials, such as structural properties (shrinkage and density porosity), color, and texture. The study shows that little attention is given to the mechanical properties and texture of freeze-dried materials obtained from different conditions of the lyophilization process.

scholarly journals Exact and Heuristic Algorithms for the Carrier–Vehicle Traveling Salesman Problem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Güneş Erdoğan ◽  
E. Alper Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Traveling Salesman Problem ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Iterated Local Search ◽  
Traveling Salesman ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Optimization Formulation ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Carrier Vehicle

This paper presents new structural properties for the carrier–vehicle traveling salesman problem. The authors provide a new mixed-integer second-order conic optimization formulation, with associated optimality cuts based on the structural properties, and an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm. Computational experiments on instances from the literature demonstrate the superiority of the new formulation to the existing models and algorithms in the literature, and the high-quality solutions found by the ILS algorithm.

X-ray characterization of high quality AlN epitaxial layers: effect of growth condition on layer structural properties

2003 ◽  
Vol 0 (7) ◽  
pp. 2014-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. S. Paduano ◽  
A. J. Drehman ◽  
D. W. Weyburne ◽  
J. Kozlowski ◽  
J. Serafinczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Growth Condition ◽  
Epitaxial Layers ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray

High-quality In0.3Ga0.7N/GaN quantum well growth and their optical and structural properties

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 783-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung Goo Cheong ◽  
E-K Suh ◽  
H J Lee
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Well ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
High Quality

Some problems of objective-prism spectra classification

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
E. K. Kharadze ◽  
R. A. Bartaya
Keyword(s):  
Short Wave ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Stellar Spectra ◽  
Objective Prism

The unique 70-cm meniscus-type telescope of the Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory supplied with two objective prisms and the seeing conditions characteristic at Mount Kanobili (Abastumani) permit us to obtain stellar spectra of a high quality. No additional design to improve the “climate” immediately around the telescope itself is being applied. The dispersions and photographic magnitude limits are 160 and 660Å/mm, and 12–13, respectively. The short-wave end of spectra reaches 3500–3400Å.

A non-cyanide method of electropolishing silver

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
R. L. Lyles ◽  
S. J. Rothman ◽  
W. Jäger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Silver Alloy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Silver Alloys ◽  
Free Sample ◽  
Specimen Quality ◽  
Standard Techniques

Standard techniques of electropolishing silver and silver alloys for electron microscopy in most instances have relied on various CN recipes. These methods have been characteristically unsatisfactory due to difficulties in obtaining large electron transparent areas, reproducible results, adequate solution lifetimes, and contamination free sample surfaces. In addition, there are the inherent health hazards associated with the use of CN solutions. Various attempts to develop noncyanic methods of electropolishing specimens for electron microscopy have not been successful in that the specimen quality problems encountered with the CN solutions have also existed in the previously proposed non-cyanic methods.The technique we describe allows us to jet polish high quality silver and silver alloy microscope specimens with consistant reproducibility and without the use of CN salts.The solution is similar to that suggested by Myschoyaev et al. It consists, in order of mixing, 115ml glacial actic acid (CH3CO2H, specific wt 1.04 g/ml), 43ml sulphuric acid (H2SO4, specific wt. g/ml), 350 ml anhydrous methyl alcohol, and 77 g thiourea (NH2CSNH2).

A High Resolution Scanning Microscope

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 356-357
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe ◽  
J. Wall ◽  
L. M. Welter
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Emission Source ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Magnetic Lens ◽  
High Quality

A scanning microscope using a field emission source has been described elsewhere. This microscope has now been improved by replacing the single magnetic lens with a high quality lens of the type described by Ruska. This lens has a focal length of 1 mm and a spherical aberration coefficient of 0.5 mm. The final spot size, and therefore the microscope resolution, is limited by the aberration of this lens to about 6 Å.The lens has been constructed very carefully, maintaining a tolerance of + 1 μ on all critical surfaces. The gun is prealigned on the lens to form a compact unit. The only mechanical adjustments are those which control the specimen and the tip positions. The microscope can be used in two modes. With the lens off and the gun focused on the specimen, the resolution is 250 Å over an undistorted field of view of 2 mm. With the lens on,the resolution is 20 Å or better over a field of view of 40 microns. The magnification can be accurately varied by attenuating the raster current.

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