Fitting plants to soil through mycorrhizal fungi: Mycorrhiza effects on plant growth and soil organic matter

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Quintero-Ramos ◽  
D. Espinoza-Victoria ◽  
R. Ferrera-Cerrato ◽  
G. J. Bethlenfalvay
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi

scholarly journals Glomalin – an interesting protein part of the soil organic matter

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vítězslav Vlček ◽  
Miroslav Pohanka
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Citrate Buffer

The negative effects of the current agricultural practices include erosion, acidification, loss of soil organic matter (dehumification), loss of soil structure, soil contamination by risky elements, reduction of biological diversity and land use for non-agricultural purposes. All these effects are a huge risk to the further development of soil quality from an agronomic point of view and its resilience to projected climate change. Organic matter has a crucial role in it. Relatively significant correlations with the quality or the health of soil parameters and the soil organic matter or some fraction of the soil organic matter have been found. In particular, Ctot, Cox, humic and fulvic acids, the C/N ratio, and glomalin. Our work was focused on glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which we classify as Glomeromycota. Arbuscular mycorrhiza, and its molecular pathways, is not a well understood phenomenon. It appears that many proteins are involved in the arbuscular mycorrhiza from which glomalin is probably one of the most significant. This protein is also responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of soils and has an ecological and economical relevance in this sense and it is a real product of the mycorrhiza. Glomalin is very resistant to destruction (recalcitrant) and difficult to dissolve in water. Its extraction requires specific conditions: high temperature (121°C) and a citrate buffer with a neutral or alkaline pH. Due to these properties, glomalin (or its fractions) are very stable compounds that protect the soil aggregate surface. In this review, the actual literature has been researched and the importance of glomalin is discussed.  

scholarly journals Large-scale genome sequencing of mycorrhizal fungi provides insights into the early evolution of symbiotic traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Miyauchi ◽  
Enikő Kiss ◽  
Alan Kuo ◽  
Elodie Drula ◽  
Annegret Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Fungal Genomes ◽  
Induced Genes

Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial ecosystems. Mycorrhizal symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists in the capacity of mycorrhizal fungi to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis of 135 fungal genomes from 73 saprotrophic, endophytic and pathogenic species, and 62 mycorrhizal species, including 29 new mycorrhizal genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant fungal guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic genomes available, including ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales. Our analyses show that transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses of degrading enzymes acting on lignin and cellulose, (2) co-option of genes present in saprotrophic ancestors to fulfill new symbiotic functions, (3) diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes, (4) proliferation of transposable elements and (5) divergent genetic innovations underlying the convergent origins of the ectomycorrhizal guild.

scholarly journals Effects of permafrost degradation on soil organic matter turnover and plant growth

CATENA ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 105721
Author(s):  
Lina Che ◽  
Muyang Cheng ◽  
Libo Xing ◽  
Yifan Cui ◽  
Luhe Wan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
Organic Matter Turnover ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Turnover

scholarly journals Sustainability of Impacts of Poplar Growth on Soil Organic Matter in Eutric Cambisols

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Christel Baum ◽  
Martin Barth ◽  
Kathrin Henkel ◽  
Meike Siebers ◽  
Kai-Uwe Eckhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Litter Quality ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
No Till ◽  
Poplar Growth

Short rotation coppices (SRC) with poplar on arable soils constitute no-till management in combination with a changed litter quality compared to annual crops. Both tillage and litter quality impact soil organic matter (SOM) composition, but little is known on the sustainability of this impact at the molecular level. We compared the microbial colonization and SOM quantity and quality of a young (4 years), old (17 years) and a former SRC with hybrid poplar (Populus maximoviczii × Populus nigra cv. Max) to adjacent arable sites with annual crops or grass. Total fungal and arbsucular mycorrhizal fungal phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) markers were increased under no-till treatments with permanent crops (SRC and grass) compared to tilled cereals. Enrichments in fungal biomass coincided with C accumulation close to the soil surface (0–5 cm) but was abolished under former SRC after return to annual tillage. This management change altered the spatial distribution but not the accumulation of SOM within the topsoil (0–30 cm). However, lasting qualitative changes in SOM with increased proportions of lignin, lipids and sterols were found under current and former SRC. Increased colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was correlated with increased invertase activity (R = 0.64; p < 0.05), carbohydrate consumption and a corresponding accumulation of lignins and lipids in the SOM. This link indicates a regulatory impact of mycorrhizal fungi on soil C dynamics by changing the quality of SOM. Increased stability of SOM to microbial degradation by higher portions of lipids and sterols in the SOM were assumed to be a sustainable effect of poplar growth at Eutric Cambisols.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to 13C and 15N enrichment of soil organic matter in forest soils

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Etcheverría ◽  
Dries Huygens ◽  
Roberto Godoy ◽  
Fernando Borie ◽  
Pascal Boeckx
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
15N Enrichment

Parts of a Soil (Soil Constituents) Air, Water, Minerals, and Organic Matter

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Soil Air ◽  
Secondary Minerals ◽  
Primary Minerals

Soils physically consist of soil solids and pore space. Soil solids are composed of (a) mineral matter such as sand (coarse particles), silt (fine particles), and clay (very fine particles), and (b) soil organic matter, like decaying plant, animal, and microbial remains, along with microbial synthates. The pore space is occupied by soil air and soil water, each of which has a different makeup than atmospheric air and rainwater. Soil air often has more carbon dioxide and gases of nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Soil water has much more dissolved substances in it than rainwater. Soil solids occupy about 50% of a soil. They are made up of about 45% mineral matter and about 5% organic matter, but these proportions vary greatly. Soil mineral matter consists of very coarse rocks (primary minerals) and the three main soil parts: . . . 1. Coarse—Sand (a primary mineral, silicon dioxide) 2. Fine—Silts (both primary or secondary minerals) 3. Very Fine—Clays (secondary minerals) . . . Soil organic matter consists of plant and animal remains (in various stages of decomposition), microorganisms, and compounds synthesized by microorganisms. Soil pore space occupies about 50% of a soil and consists of the open space occupied by either air or water. The proportions of air and water that are present can greatly influence plant growth. Soil air is necessary for plants to grow, but if this component dominates, drought occurs and plant growth suffers. Soil water is also necessary for plant growth, but if this component dominates, flooding occurs and plant growth also suffers as most plants require a supply of oxygen. Soil consists of natural elements, for example, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ti, P, and others. Often the elements are present in oxides, sulfides, silicates, and other combinations. These elements or their combined form are present as rocks (primary minerals), clays (secondary minerals), and available nutrients for plants. Soil contains many life forms.

Contributions of residue-C and -N to plant growth and soil organic matter pools under planted and unplanted conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengqiang Li ◽  
Bingzi Zhao ◽  
Daniel C. Olk ◽  
Zhongjun Jia ◽  
Jingdong Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
C And N

scholarly journals The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizophagus irregularis on soil microorganisms assessed by metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Lammel ◽  
D. Meierhofer ◽  
P. Johnston ◽  
S. Mbedi ◽  
M.C. Rillig
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Aggregation ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Nutrient Mineralization ◽  
Metabolic Functions

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with approximately 80% of plant species and potentially benefit their hosts (e.g. nutrient acquisition) and the soil environment (e.g. soil aggregation). AMF also affect soil microbiota and soil multifunctionality. We manipulated AMF presence (via inoculation of non-sterile soil with Rhizophagus irregularis and using a hyphal compartment design) and used RNA-seq and metaproteomics to assess AMF roles in soil. The results indicated that AMF drove an active soil microbial community expressing transcripts and proteins related to nine metabolic functions, including the metabolism of C and N. We suggest two possible mechanisms: 1) the AMF hyphae produce exudates that select a beneficial community, or, 2) the hyphae compete with other soil microbes for available nutrients and consequently induce the community to mineralize nutrients from soil organic matter. We also identified candidate proteins that are potentially related to soil aggregation, such as Lpt and HSP60. Our results bridge microbial ecology and ecosystem functioning. We show that the AMF hyphosphere contains an active community related to soil respiration and nutrient cycling, thus potentially improving nutrient mineralization from soil organic matter and nutrient supply to the plants.

The effects of soil type on the early growth of lettuce

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Costigan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Different Soils

SUMMARYLarge and consistent differences in growth rate of lettuce on different soils were recorded in two consecutive experiments in which lettuce cv. Avondefiance was grown for about 4 weeks in miniplots of 13 different soils. The miniplots were 20 cm in diameter and 20 cm deep and were buried flush with the soil surface at a single site. Each soil received the recommended amount of fertilizer and only seedlings emerging on a particular day were allowed to grow on. The relative performance of the different soils was very similar in each of the experiments with the plants in the best soil being 2·2–3·3 times heavier than those on the worst soil by the end of the experiments. The relative growth rates (RGR) of the plants were positively correlated with % P in the plants (accounting for 44–68% of the variation in RGR) and in turn with the availability of P in the soil. There was also a negative effect of soil organic matter on RGR, acting independently of % P, so that a multiple regression with % P and organic matter accounted for 65% of the variance of RGR in Expt 1 and 75% in Expt 2. Soil solution phosphorus appeared to be a useful measure for assessing phosphorus availability as plant growth was reduced only when concentrations fell below about 1 μg/ml.

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