The effect of different blood sampling sites and analyses on the relationship~ between exercise intensity and 4.0 mmol �1? blood lactate concentration

Purpose:Blood lactate concentration, [BLa], after swimming events might be influenced by demographic features and characteristics of the swim race, whereas active recovery enhances blood lactate removal. Our aims were to (1) examine how sex, age, race distance, and swim stroke influenced [BLa] after competitive swimming events and (2) develop a practical model based on recovery swim distance to optimize blood lactate removal.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed postrace [BLa] from 100 swimmers who competed in the finals at the Canadian Swim Championships. [BLa] was also assessed repeatedly during the active recovery. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship between postrace [BLa] with independent variables.Results:Postrace [BLa] was highest following 100–200 m events and lowest after 50 and 1500 m races. A sex effect for postrace [BLa] was observed only for freestyle events. There was a negligible effect of age on postrace [BLa]. A model was developed to estimate an expected change in [BLa] during active recovery (male = 0; female = 1): [BLa] change after active recovery = –3.374 + (1.162 × sex) + (0.789 × postrace [BLa]) + (0.003 × active recovery distance).Conclusions:These findings indicate that swimmers competing at an elite standard display similar postrace [BLa] and that there is little effect of age on postrace [BLa] in competitive swimmers aged 14 to 29 y.

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Detection of the Lactate Threshold in Runners: What is the Ideal Speed to Start an Incremental Test?

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0022 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 217-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José Luiz Dantas ◽

Christian Doria

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Lactate Threshold ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Endurance Athletes ◽

Incremental Test ◽

Average Speed ◽

Third Stage ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Ideal

Abstract Incremental tests on a treadmill are used to evaluate endurance athletes; however, no criterion exists to determine the intensity at which to start the test, potentially causing the loss of the first lactate threshold. This study aimed to determine the ideal speed for runners to start incremental treadmill tests. The study consisted of 94 runners who self-reported the average speed from their last competitive race (10-42.195 km) and performed an incremental test on a treadmill. The speeds used during the first three test stages were normalised in percentages of average competition speed and blood lactate concentration was analysed at the end of each stage. The relationship between speed in each stage and blood lactate concentration was analysed. In the first stage, at an intensity corresponding to 70% of the reported average race speed, only one volunteer had blood lactate concentration equal to 2 mmol·L-1, and in the third stage (90% of the average race speed) the majority of the volunteers had blood lactate concentration ≥2 mmol·L-1. Our results demonstrated that 70% of the average speed from the subject’s last competitive race - from 10 to 42.195 km - was the best option for obtaining blood lactate concentration <2 mmol·L-1 in the first stage, however, 80% of the average speed in marathons may be a possibility. Evaluators can use 70% of the average speed in competitive races as a strategy to ensure that the aerobic threshold intensity is not achieved during the first stage of incremental treadmill tests.

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Performance Diagnostic in Cross-Country Skiing

Human Movement ◽

10.1515/humo-2015-0030 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benedikt A. Gasser ◽

Hans H. Hoppeler

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Endurance Capacity ◽

Maximum Heart Rate ◽

Running Speed ◽

Cross Country Skiing ◽

Cross Country ◽

The Relationship

AbstractPurpose. Recreational cross-country skiers can benefit from a performance diagnostic when planning a training program. The aim of this study was to establish a simple test protocol to measure endurance capacity and provide training recommendations. Methods. The relationship between endurance performance and cross-country skiing technique was assessed using two tests. First, a lactate threshold test whereby running speed was determined on a treadmill at 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration. Second, participants completed a variation of the Cooper test using skating technique on flat terrain to determine the distance covered in 12 min and maximum heart rate. Results. There was a correlative (r = 0.18 respectivelly R2 = 0.43) relationship of between the distance covered in the Cooper test and treadmill running speed at 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration. Conclusions. The two tests allow recreational athletes to rank themselves with regards to their endurance capacity within a population. The relationship between distance covered and maximum heart rate can indicate whether future training should focus on technical or physical improvement.

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Neue leistungsdiagnostische Erkenntnisse im Skilanglauf des Breitensportbereichs

Swiss Sports & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.34045/ssem/2015/6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Endurance Capacity ◽

Leisure Sports ◽

Cross Country Skiing ◽

Cross Country ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

We suggest that leisure cross country skiers can also profit from a serious endurance capacity diagnostic. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable and valid protocol in order to make serious recommendation for training schedule of athleths. In order to analyze the relationship between endurance performance and the technic specific capabilities of cross country skiing aiming to allow valid recommendations participants had to absolve two test protocols. The first test consisted of detecting running pace on a treadmill at a 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration. Second, participants had to absolve a Coopertest in skating technique on flat ground allowing to measure maximum distance absolved during 12 minutes and maximum heart rate. Between the absolved distance on the Coopertest and the pace at 4mmol/l blood lactate a correlative relationship of 0,43 was identified (R2 = 0,43). These analyses allow that participants can position themselves in the sample concerning their technical capabilities. On the other side our analyses let us suggest, that technical capabilities also in leisure sports play an important role, which are best continousely and constantely trained.

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The Goal Scale: A New Instrument to Measure the Perceived Exertion in Soccer (Indoor, Field, and Beach) Players

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2020.623480 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Luis Felipe Tubagi Polito ◽

Marcelo Luis Marquezi ◽

Douglas Popp Marin ◽

Marcelo Villas Boas Junior ◽

Maria Regina Ferreira Brandão

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Borg Scale ◽

Scale Validity ◽

Wide Range

The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) can be used to monitor the exercise intensity during laboratory and specific tests, training sessions, and to estimate the internal training load of the athletes. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a specific pictorial perceived exertion scale for soccer players (indoor, field, and beach soccer) called GOAL Scale. The pictorial GOAL Scale (six drawings; 1 “low exertion” to 6 “exhaustion”) was validated for twenty under-17 soccer players (16.4 ± 0.68 years; 175.4 ± 9 cm; 66.4 ± 7.7 kg; % fat mass 12.4 ± 3.3). In the validation phase, the athletes were evaluated in a progressive protocol involving stimuluses of 3 min with 1 min for the rest into the stages until the voluntary exhaustion in Maximal Cardiopulmonary Effort Test (MCET), and in the Yo Yo Intermittent Recovery Test – Level 1 (Yo-Yo). The RPE identified by the GOL Scale, by the Borg Scale 6 – 20 and by the Cavasini Scale, as well as the heart rate (HR), perceptual of the heart rate (%HRmax) and the blood lactate concentration ([La]) were immediately evaluated after each stage of both tests. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was used. Construct scale validity was examined by regressing GOAL Scale against Borg Scale 6 – 20 and Cavasini Scale and concurrent scale validity was investigated by regressing GOAL Scale against HR, beats/min and blood lactate concentration (mmol/L) during two progressive tests. There was a significant correlation values of the GOAL Scale with Borg Scale (r = 0.93; r = 0.88), Cavasini Scale (r = 0.91; r = 0.90), %HRmax (r = 0.91; r = 0,86), HR (r = 0.87; r = 0.83) and lactate (r = 0.68; r = 0.83) during tests (Maximal Incremental Cardiopulmonary Test and Yo-Yo test, respectively). The results evidenced concurrent and construct validity of the GOAL Scale across a wide range of exercise intensity. The absence of verbal anchors makes the use of this instrument to soccer, futsal and beach soccer athletes of different languages and different literacy levels possible.

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The relationship between blood lactate concentration, the Paediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) and mortality in paediatric intensive care

Intensive Care Medicine ◽

10.1007/s00134-012-2733-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 2042-2046 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kevin P. Morris ◽

Phil McShane ◽

John Stickley ◽

Roger C. Parslow

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Paediatric Intensive Care ◽

The Relationship

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Relationship between Resting and Recovery Heart Rate in Horses

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10010120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 120

Author(s):

Arno Lindner ◽

Martina Esser ◽

Ramón López ◽

Federico Boffi

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Recovery Heart Rate ◽

Fair Competition ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

The Relationship

In endurance racing the heart rate (HR) of horses in the veterinary gates has to reach a maximum set to continue racing. There is no literature on the relationship between resting HR (HRresting) and HR after exercise (HRrecovery). This relationship was examined in seven horses and the results were related to their v4 (speed at which the blood lactate concentration is 4 mmol/L). Horses were submitted to an exercise test to determine v4. Thereafter, horses were exercised on a treadmill in randomized order for 10 and 60 min at different speeds. HR was measured before exercise and several times until 30 min of recovery. The relationship between HRresting and HRrecovery was significant in 16 out of 35 comparisons. There were no significant relationships between the v4 of the horses and their HRresting and between v4 and HRrecovery after 10 min of exercise, regardless of the speed of exercise, with one exception. The relationship between the v4 of the horses and their HRrecovery after 60 min of exercise was significant in the fifth minute after exercise at 3.5 m/s only. Conclusion: Because HRresting and HRrecovery are often related, pre-determined arbitrary HRrecovery values may not allow for fair competition during endurance racing.

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Blood lactate concentration increases as a continuous function in progressive exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1975 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 1975-1981 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

R. L. Hughson ◽

K. H. Weisiger ◽

G. D. Swanson

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Threshold Model ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Continuous Model ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

Data Sets ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

The Relationship ◽

Nonrandom Pattern

The relationship between arterialized blood lactate concentration [( La-]) and O2 uptake (VO2) was examined during a total of 23 tests by eight subjects. Exercise was on a cycle ergometer with work rate incremented from loadless pedaling to exhaustion as a 50-W/min ramp function. Two different mathematical models were studied. One model employed a log-log transformation of [La-] and VO2 to yield [La-] threshold as proposed by Beaver et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 59: 1936–1940, 1985). The other model was a continuous exponential plus constant of the form La- = a + b[exp(cVO2)]. In 21 of 23 data sets, the mean square error (MSE) of the continuous model was less than that of the log-log model (P less than 0.001). The MSE was on average 3.5 times greater in the log-log model than in the continuous model. The residuals were randomly distributed about the line of best fit for the continuous model. In contrast, the log-log model showed a nonrandom pattern indicating an inappropriate model. As an index of the position of the [La-]-VO2 continuous model, the VO2 at which the rate of increase of [La-] equaled the rate of increase of VO2 (d[La-]/dVO2 = 1) was determined. This VO2 was 2.241 +/- 0.081 l/min, which averaged 64.6% of maximal VO2. It is proposed that this lactate slope index could be used as a relative indicator of fitness instead of the previously applied threshold concept. The change in [La-] could be better described mathematically by a continuous model rather than the threshold model of Beaver et al.

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The relationship between exsanguination blood lactate concentration and carcass quality in slaughter pigs

Meat Science ◽

10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.02.012 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 435-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

L.N. Edwards ◽

T.E. Engle ◽

J.A. Correa ◽

M.A. Paradis ◽

T. Grandin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Carcass Quality ◽

Slaughter Pigs ◽

The Relationship

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Comparison of two Borg exertion scales for monitoring exercise intensity in able-bodied participants, and those with paraplegia and tetraplegia

Spinal Cord ◽

10.1038/s41393-021-00642-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael J. Hutchinson ◽

Ingrid Kouwijzer ◽

Sonja de Groot ◽

Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Strong Association ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Upper Body Exercise ◽

Cord Injury

Abstract Study design Cross-sectional cohort study. Objectives To compare ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on Borg’s 6–20 RPE scale and Category Ratio 10 (CR10) in able-bodied (AB) participants during upper and lower body exercise, and recreationally active participants with paraplegia (PARA) and athletes with tetraplegia (TETRA) during upper body exercise only. Setting University and rehabilitation centre-based laboratories in UK and Netherlands. Methods Twenty-four participants were equally split between AB, PARA, and TETRA. AB performed maximal tests using cycle (AB-CYC) and handcycle (AB-HC) ergometry. PARA and TETRA performed maximal handcycle and wheelchair propulsion tests, respectively. Oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and blood lactate concentration were monitored throughout. RPE was rated each stage on Borg’s RPE scale and CR10. Thresholds were identified according to log-V̇O2 plotted against log-blood lactate (LT1), and 1.5 mmol L−1 greater than LT1 (LT2). Results RPE from both scales were best fit against each other using a quadratic model, with high goodness of fit between scales that was independent of exercise mode and participant group (range R2: 0.965–0.970, P < 0.005). Though percentage peak V̇O2 was significantly greater in TETRA (P < 0.005), there was no difference in RPE at LT1 or LT2 between groups on Borg’s RPE scale or CR10. Conclusion Strong association between Borg’s RPE scale and CR10 suggests they can be used interchangeably. RPE at lactate thresholds were independent of mode of exercise and level of spinal cord injury. However, inter-individual variation precludes from making firm recommendations about using RPE for prescribing homogenous exercise intensity.

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