The plasma volume of the Wistar rat in relation to the body weight

1981 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bijsterbosch ◽  
Anneke M. Duursma ◽  
J. M. W. Bouma ◽  
M. Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
The Body

scholarly journals BODY FLUID CHANGES DUE TO CONTINUED LOSS OF THE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Gamble ◽  
Monroe A. McIver ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ionic Content ◽  
Physical Changes

From the data given above the following explanation of the effects of continued loss of the external secretion of the pancreas may be offered. The underlying event is a steadily increasing deficit of sodium and of chloride ion due to the large requirement for these electrolytes in the construction of pancreatic juice. In consequence there is continued loss of water, chiefly from the body fluids in which sodium and chloride ion are large factors of total ionic content, viz., interstitial fluids and the blood plasma. During about two-thirds of the survival period the volume and composition of the blood plasma remain approximately normal, the losses of water, sodium, and chloride ion being replaced at the expense of interstitial fluids. Reduction of the volume of these fluids is indicated by loss of body weight beginning directly after establishment of the pancreatic fistula. Ultimately reduction of plasma volume begins and, as it progresses, serious symptoms develop and death occurs unless water, sodium, and chloride ion are abundantly replaced. Owing to the relatively greater loss of sodium than of chloride ion in pancreatic juice, reduction of bicarbonate ion concentration in the plasma tends to occur. The death of the organism may be simply and reasonably explained as the result of progressive impairment of the function of the blood by the physical changes, dehydration and acidosis, produced in the plasma by the continued loss of sodium and of chloride ion in the pancreatic juice.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME OF THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OF THE BODY WITH RADIOACTIVE SODIUM

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolan L. Kaltreider ◽  
George R. Meneely ◽  
James R. Allen ◽  
William F. Bale
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Radioactive Isotope ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Volume Of Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excess Sodium

A method for measuring the volume of fluid available for the distribution of sodium (sodium space) by the use of its radioactive isotope (Na24) has been described and the accuracy of the method has been discussed. Simultaneous determinations of the plasma volume by means of the blue dye T-1824 and the volume of the extracellular fluid by employing radiosodium and sodium thiocyanate have been made in normal subjects. Repeated measurements were made at varying periods of time in the same individuals. In order to establish the rate of diffusion equilibrium for the radioactive isotope of sodium and thiocyanate between serum and serous effusions, simultaneous samples of both were obtained at varying intervals after the intravenous injection of these substances. Since evidence in the literature indicates that there is an excess of sodium mainly limited to bone, which cannot be attributed to the extracellular phase, experiments on dogs and man were so devised that the ratio of tissue concentration to plasma concentration for radiosodium and chemically determined chloride could be calculated. The following conclusions may be drawn from the results of this investigation: 1. Radiosodium after intravenous administration spreads rapidly during the first 3 hours from the plasma into a volume of fluid which represents approximately 25 per cent of the body weight of man. Thereafter for 6 hours it diffuses more slowly into certain tissue spaces—the central nervous system and probably the skeleton. The plasma volume and interstitial fluid represent 15 and 85 per cent of the sodium space respectively. 2. Diffusion equilibrium for both radiosodium and thiocyanate is not established between serum and transudates in edematous patients until from 9 to 12 hours after the intravenous injection of these substances. 3. Until more complete information is available, it is concluded that unless the difference between repeated observations on the same individual exceeds ±1.38 liters there is no significant change in the sodium space providing that the activity of the standard and serum samples are in the range of 40 counts per minute per milliliter with the counting apparatus used. As the activity of the samples increases, the error becomes less because there is no correlation between the magnitude of the error and the magnitude of the activity. 4. Climatic conditions produce no significant changes in the volume of the blood or extracellular fluid. 5. In the dog, following the intravenous injection of radiosodium, the concentration of the isotope in bone reaches its maximum rapidly (3 hours). The extra sodium in the skeleton of dog is equal to about ¼ of the total counts in the body, assuming that the chloride space of bone represents its extracellular volume. Similar amounts of excess sodium are found in the skeleton of man 12 hours after the administration of Na24. 6. Correction of the sodium space of man for the excess sodium reduced the average value by 3.7 liters or 18.9 per cent. The average corrected volume for the normal subjects 6 hours after the injection is 15.9 liters or 21.1 per cent of the body weight compared with the thiocyanate space of 17.7 liters, representing 23.5 per cent of the body weight. 7. The most useful method for calculating the sodium space from the data obtained after intravenous administration of radiosodium is as follows: See PDF for Equation This space exceeds the volume of extracellular fluid by the amount of excess sodium in the body that cannot be attributed to the extracellular phase. 8. While neither the thiocyanate method nor the radiosodium method gives precise estimates of the extracellular fluid, the error is of the same order of magnitude in both. For clinical use, the thiocyanate method is superior because of the ready availability of the substance, and the apparatus required.

scholarly journals Improving Body Weight of Female Wistar Rats Anemia by Using Iron Biofortified Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Jumadi Muhammadong ◽  
Saifuddin Sirajuddin ◽  
M. Natsir Djide ◽  
Anwar Mallongi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of iron biofortified maize (IBM) on improving the body weight of Wistar anemia. The randomized complete design was carried out with four IBM levels covered R-1=10%; R-2= 12%; R-3=14%, and R-4=16% of body weight. The body weight was measured after IBM intake for 7 days. Data analyzed by ANOVA, Fisher's LSD, and Linear regression. There was an influence IBM on the improvement of the body weight of Wistar anemia. The R-3 improved up to 0.0109% d-1 significantly different from others at p<0.05. The body weight tends to increase with the IBM level following the equation Y=0.005x-0.0096; R2 = 0.79. The maximum safe level of IBM for the body weight of anemic Wistar rat was 14%.

Involvement of sodium retention hormones during rehydration in humans

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nose ◽  
G. W. Mack ◽  
X. R. Shi ◽  
E. R. Nadel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Retention ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Nacl Solution

We investigated the relation between involuntary dehydration and the mechanisms affecting Na+ retention in the body, focusing on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Six adult males were dehydrated to 2.3% of their body weight by an exercise-heat regimen, followed by rehydration (180 min) with tap water (H2O-R) or 0.45% NaCl solution (Na-R). We measured plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone levels (PA) before dehydration (control), after dehydration, and at 60, 120, and 180 min of rehydration. During the 3-h rehydration period, subjects, restored 51% of the water lost during H2O-R and 71% during Na-R (P less than 0.05). Plasma volume was reduced by an average of 4.5% after dehydration. After 180 min of rehydration, plasma volume restoration during Na-R was to 174% of that lost, and during H2O-R it was to 78% of that lost. We found significant correlations between the change in plasma volume and PRA (r = -0.70, P less than 0.001) and between PRA and PA (r = 0.71, P less than 0.001). In both recovery conditions, PRA increased significantly after dehydration (P less than 0.05) and decreased almost to the control level by 180 min of rehydration, at which time the plasma volume deficit was restored. The change in PA paralleled that in PRA. The rate of sodium excretion was correlated with PA levels in both groups (r = -0.58, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Influence of a 60 Hz, 3 µT, electromagnetic field on the somatic maturation of wistar rat offspring fed a regional basic diet during pregnancy

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
CWSF. Anselmo ◽  
TL. Silva ◽  
TG. Holanda ◽  
LVS. Prado ◽  
JE. Cabral-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Basic Diet ◽  
Group A ◽  
Eye Opening

The aim of the present study was to observe how the exposition of pregnant rats to an electromagnetic field (EMF), with frequency of 60 Hz, and a magnetic field of 3 µT for 2 hours per day and/or using the so-called Regional Basic Diet (RBD), influenced the somatic maturation in their offspring. Four groups were formed: Group A (casein), B (casein and EMF), C (RBD) and D (RBD and EMF). The diet manipulation occurred during pregnancy. The somatic maturation indexes - assessed daily between 12:00 AM and 2:00 PM - were: Eye Opening (EO), Auricle Opening (AO), Auditory Canal Opening (ACO), Low Incisor Eruption (LIE), and Upper Incisor Eruption (UIE). The association between EMF and deficient diet caused a delay in all Somatic Maturation Indexes (SMI) and the RBD caused delay only in the AO. Furthermore, the EMF caused delay in AO, ACO, LIE. In relation to the body weight, the EMF associated with the deficient diet caused change in the twenty-first day of life. The RBD, during pregnancy, caused lower body weight in the offspring in the first and third day of life. The body weight of the offspring whose mothers were fed casein and exposed to the EMF during pregnancy was lower in the third and sixth day of life. In conclusion, the EMF associated with under-nutrition caused delay in all SMI. In relation to the body weight, the EMF associated with under-nutrition caused a decrease in the body weight at the sixth day of life.

scholarly journals Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Leaves on Wistar Rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-5
Author(s):  
Sri Adi Sumiwi ◽  
Ade Zuhrotun ◽  
Rini Hendriani ◽  
Mochamad Rizal ◽  
Jutti Levita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Organ Index

BACKGROUND: Previous works indicated various pharmacology activities of bay plant (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.), however only few studies investigated its toxicity. This work was aimed to study the subchronic toxicity of ethanol extract of this plant.METHODS: White Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and were treated with 2% of Arabic gum (PGA) suspension, 1000 mg/kg of body weight (BW), 400 mg/kg of BW and 100 mg/kg of BW, respectively. The animals were observed on their body weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry parameters, organ index and histopathology.RESULTS: Flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, quinones, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were detected in dried leaves and ethanol extract of bay plant. An increase of body weight in male and female groups treated with dose 100 and 400 mg/kg BW compared to controls, was observed. Moreover, there was an increase of white blood cell (WBC) in male and female groups treated with S. polyanthum extracts compared to controls, whereas a decrease of red blood cell (RBC) was observed in male groups treated with S. polyanthum extracts in dose-dependent manner compared to control. No significant changes of RBC were seen in female groups, haemoglobin values were not altered by extract treatment. Photomicrographs of liver, kidney, lungs, heart and spleen histopathology of male and female S. polyanthum extract-treated groups showed no significant alteration compared to controls.CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that S. polyanthum extracts does not show toxicity on the body weight, hematology, creatinine and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), but fatty liver and necrosis are observed in female rats. This result can be beneficial for plant-based drug discovery, particularly this study provides information about the safety of S. polyanthum to be further developed as candidate of phytopharmaceutics.KEYWORDS: bay plants, salam leaves, hepatotoxicity, necrosis, SGOT, SGPT

Factors Affecting Blood Volumes in Hypophysectomized Female Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Bond ◽  
Samuel L. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

Plasma volume by the dye (T-1824) method, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and plasma specific gravity were determined, and from them total blood and erythrocyte volumes and plasma protein concentration were derived in hypophysectomized female rats fed standard and enriched diets. The effects of insulin, growth hormone and prolactin were also studied. Hypophysectomy decreased the plasma volume and established a lower, stable plasma volume/body weight ratio which was not influenced significantly by diet or hormones. The erythrocyte volume/body weight ratio markedly reduced after hypophysectomy, was readily increased by the enriched diet, especially in younger animals. Insulin injections did not alter the blood picture or increase the body weight. Growth hormone increased both plasma and erythrocyte volumes proportionally to the elevation in body weight and also increased the total plasma protein. Prolactin, possibly contaminated with growth hormone as noted by the tibia test, acted similarly to growth hormone but to a lesser extent.

scholarly journals Durational exposure dependent effect of carbamate treated net on haematological indices in wistar rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
R. U. Ukpanukpong ◽  
G. I. Ekpo ◽  
U. I. Aletan ◽  
P. O. Aigbadumah ◽  
P. I. Umoh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Effect ◽  
Haematological Analysis ◽  
Haematological Indices

The present study was undertaken to investigate the duration of exposure dependent effect of carbamate treated net on haematological indices in Wistar rats. Eighteen (18) Wistar rats were used in this study and designated into three (3) study groups of six rats each. Group 1 was the control group while groups 2 and 3 constituted the experimental groups containing rats exposed to carbamate treated net for 30 and 60 days respectively. At the end of the exposure period, the animals were sacrificed and blood sample were removed for haematological analysis. The result of the study shows that there was a significant increase in the body weight of exposed rats compared to rats in the control group at (P<0.05). Relative organ weight of the exposed rats increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared to rats in the control group. The PCV, Hb, RBC’s, PLT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels all increased insignificantly in the exposed rats when compared to rats in the control group at (p<0.05). The study also revealed that the total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts in the exposed groups was significantly elevated when compared to the control group at (P<0.05). Finally, the result of the study shows a significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of neutrophil of the exposed rats when compared with the control group, while the level of lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes increased insignificantly (p>0.05) in rats exposed for 30 days but increased significantly (p<0.05) in rats exposed for 60 days when compared to rats in their control group. Therefore, the observation from this study suggests that long-term exposure to carbamate treated net may alter the haematological indices and hence lead to various health problem. Keywords: Body Weight, Carbamate, Organs Weight and Heamatological Indices

scholarly journals Acute and subacute toxicity study of the methanolic extract of olea europea.L leaves in Wistar rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 319 ◽  
pp. 01094
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hinad ◽  
Youssef S’hih ◽  
Radia El Gui ◽  
Aboubaker Elhessni ◽  
Abdelhalim Mesfioui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Olive Leaves ◽  
Subacute Toxicity

Olea europea.L (olive tree) is a plant widely used in the world. Its leaves have an extensive use in traditional herbal medicine to prevent and/or treat several diseases especially in Mediterranean regions. Despite this, research into the study of its toxicity is very limited in the literature. For this, this study aims to study the acute and subacute toxicity of methanolic extract olive leaves in Wistar rats. To study acute toxicity, four dose levels (50,300,2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight) were tested by single oral administration to Wistar rats. The subacute toxicity for 28 days was conducted by daily oral administration of methanolic extract of olive leaves at doses 1000,2000 and 3000 mg/kg in rats Wistar. After fourteen days of the administration of escalating doses, no deaths were recorded in the animals and no clinically detectable signs were observed. The results of subacute toxicity showed that the body weight of rats was not significantly changed by administration of methanolic extract of olive leaves. Monitoring of the behavior of the rats during the study showed the appearance of some manifestations of tremor, agitation and diarrhea in rats treated with the dose of 3000mg/kg. Grosse examination of the kidneys and liver revealed no changes in those organs and histopathological examination showed congestion and inflammation of the fat in rats treated with the dose of 3000mg/kg. the hematological profile showed no significant changes of the measured hematological parameters. Olive leaves should be used with care and caution since its methanolic extract caused some signs of toxicity and may affect the liver at repeated dose. however, more studies are needed to verify and clarify the toxic aspect of olea europea.L leaves.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

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