In situ measurement of incoming solar radiation by voluntary ships in the western Pacific

1994 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Iwasaka ◽  
Susumu Kuwashima ◽  
Hirotaka Otobe ◽  
Kimio Hanawa ◽  
Hideki Hagiwara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
In Situ Measurement ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Incoming Solar Radiation ◽  
The Western Pacific

scholarly journals Global reduction of in situ CO 2 transfer velocity by natural surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer

2020 ◽  
Vol 476 (2234) ◽  
pp. 20190763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa ◽  
Mariana Ribas-Ribas ◽  
Hanne M. Banko-Kubis ◽  
Oliver Wurl
Keyword(s):  
Western Pacific ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Phenomenon ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Transfer Velocity ◽  
Natural Surfactant ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
The Western Pacific

For decades, the effect of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) on gas transfer velocity ( k ) has been recognized; however, it has not been quantified under natural conditions due to missing coherent data on in situ k of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and characterization of the SML. Moreover, a sea-surface phenomenon of wave-dampening, known as slicks, has been observed frequently in the ocean and potentially reduces the transfer of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the effect of natural surfactant and slicks on the in situ k of CO 2 . A catamaran, Sea Surface Scanner (S 3 ), was deployed to sample the SML and corresponding underlying water, and a drifting buoy with a floating chamber was deployed to measure the in situ k of CO 2 . We found a significant 23% reduction of k above surfactant concentrations of 200 µg Teq l −1 , which were common in the SML except for the Western Pacific. We conclude that an error of approximately 20% in CO 2 fluxes for the Western Pacific is induced by applying wind-based parametrization not developed in low surfactant regimes. Furthermore, we observed an additional 62% reduction in natural slicks, reducing global CO 2 fluxes by 19% considering known frequency of slick coverage. From our observation, we identified surfactant concentrations with two different end-members which lead to an error in global CO 2 flux estimation if ignored.

scholarly journals Observed Evolution of Northward-Propagating Intraseasonal Variation over the Western Pacific: A Case Study in Boreal Early Summer

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 690-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Katsumata ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamada ◽  
Hisayuki Kubota ◽  
Qoosaku Moteki ◽  
Ryuichi Shirooka
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Intraseasonal Variation ◽  
Middle Troposphere ◽  
Inactive Period ◽  
The Western Pacific

Abstract This report describes the in situ observed evolution of the atmospheric profile during an event of the boreal summer intraseasonal variation (BSISV) in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. The convectively active region of the BSISV proceeded northward over the sounding and radar network. Over the array, the situation changed from a convectively inactive period to an active period. Inspection of the sounding data revealed the gradual moistening of the lower troposphere during the convectively inactive period. The sounding-derived heat and moisture budget analyses indicated that both the convective- and large-scale processes caused moistening of the lower and middle troposphere where the radar echo tops were observed most frequently. This study is the first to identify such a “preconditioning” process for the BSISV in the western Pacific using detailed in situ observational data. During the preconditioning, an increase in CAPE was observed, as in previous studies of the MJO. An increase of moisture in the boundary layer was responsible for the increase of CAPE. The large-scale horizontal convergence in the boundary layer may be a key factor to moisten the boundary layer through the convective-scale processes, as well as through the large-scale processes to moisten the lower and middle troposphere.

scholarly journals Deriving an atmospheric budget of total organic bromine using airborne in situ measurements from the western Pacific area during SHIVA

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 6903-6923 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sala ◽  
H. Bönisch ◽  
T. Keber ◽  
D. E. Oram ◽  
G. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Tropical Tropopause ◽  
Vertical Range ◽  
The Western Pacific

Abstract. During the recent SHIVA (Stratospheric Ozone: Halogen Impacts in a Varying Atmosphere) project an extensive data set of all halogen species relevant for the atmospheric budget of total organic bromine was collected in the western Pacific region using the Falcon aircraft operated by the German Aerospace agency DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) covering a vertical range from the planetary boundary layer up to the ceiling altitude of the aircraft of 13 km. In total, more than 700 measurements were performed with the newly developed fully automated in situ instrument GHOST-MS (Gas chromatograph for the Observation of Tracers – coupled with a Mass Spectrometer) by the Goethe University of Frankfurt (GUF) and with the onboard whole-air sampler WASP with subsequent ground-based state-of-the-art GC / MS analysis by the University of East Anglia (UEA). Both instruments yield good agreement for all major (CHBr3 and CH2Br2) and minor (CH2BrCl, CHBrCl2 and CHBr2Cl) VSLS (very short-lived substances), at least at the level of their 2σ measurement uncertainties. In contrast to the suggestion that the western Pacific could be a region of strongly increased atmospheric VSLS abundance (Pyle et al., 2011), we found only in the upper troposphere a slightly enhanced amount of total organic bromine from VSLS relative to the levels reported in Montzka and Reimann et al. (2011) for other tropical regions. From the SHIVA observations in the upper troposphere, a budget for total organic bromine, including four halons (H-1301, H-1211, H-1202, H-2402), CH3Br and the VSLS, is derived for the level of zero radiative heating (LZRH), the input region for the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and thus also for the stratosphere. With the exception of the two minor VSLS CHBrCl2 and CHBr2Cl, excellent agreement with the values reported in Montzka and Reimann et al. (2011) is found, while being slightly higher than previous studies from our group based on balloon-borne measurements.

scholarly journals Deriving an atmospheric budget of total organic bromine using airborne in-situ measurements from the Western Pacific during SHIVA

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4957-5012 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sala ◽  
H. Bönisch ◽  
T. Keber ◽  
D. E. Oram ◽  
G. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Vertical Range ◽  
German Aerospace ◽  
The Western Pacific

Abstract. During the SHIVA (Stratospheric Ozone: Halogen Impacts in a Varying Atmosphere) project an extensive dataset of all halogen species relevant for the atmospheric budget of total organic bromine has been collected in the West Pacific region using the FALCON aircraft operated by the German Aerospace agency DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) covering a vertical range from the planetary boundary layer up to the ceiling altitude of the aircraft of 13 km. In total, more than 700 measurements were performed with the newly developed fully-automated in-situ instrument GHOST-MS (Gas cHromatograph for the Observation of Tracers – coupled with a Mass Spectrometer) by the Goethe University of Frankfurt (GUF) and with the onboard whole-air sampler WASP with subsequent ground based state-of-the-art GC/MS analysis by the University of East Anglia (UEA). Both instruments yield good agreement for all major (CHBr3 and CH2Br2) and minor (CHBrCl, CHBrCl2 and CHBr2Cl) VSLS (very short-lived substances), at least at the level of their 2 σ measurement uncertainties. In contrast to the suggestion that the Western Pacific could be a major source region for VSLS (Pyle et al., 2011), we found only slightly enhanced mixing ratios of brominated halogen source gases relative to the levels reported in Montzka et al. (2011) for other tropical regions. A budget for total organic bromine, including all four halons,CH3Br and the VSLS, is derived for the upper troposphere, the input region for the TTL and thus also for the stratosphere, compiled from the SHIVA dataset. With exception of the two minor VSLS CHBrCl2 and CHBr2Cl, excellent agreement with the values reported in Montzka et al. (2011) is found, while being slightly higher than previous studies from our group based on balloon-borne measurements.

scholarly journals Tropical Cyclone Data Impact Studies: Influence of Model Bias and Synthetic Observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 4373-4394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn A. Reynolds ◽  
Rolf Langland ◽  
Patricia M. Pauley ◽  
Christopher Velden
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Model Bias ◽  
Atmospheric Motion ◽  
Atmospheric Motion Vectors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Western Pacific ◽  
Global Data

Abstract The impacts of assimilating dropwindsonde data and enhanced atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) on tropical cyclone track forecasts are examined using the Navy global data assimilation and forecasting systems. Enhanced AMVs have the largest impact on eastern Pacific storms, while dropwindsonde data have the largest impact on Atlantic storms. Results in the western Pacific are mixed. Two western Pacific storms, Nuri and Jangmi, are examined in detail. For Nuri, dropwindsonde data and enhanced AMVs are at least as likely to degrade as to improve forecasts. For Jangmi, additional data improve track forecasts in most cases. An erroneous weakening of the forecasted subtropical high appears to contribute to the track errors for Nuri and Jangmi. Assimilation of enhanced AMVs systematically increases the analyzed heights in this region, counteracting this model bias. However, the impact of enhanced AMVs decreases rapidly as the model biases saturate at similar levels for experiments with and without the enhanced AMVs after the first few forecast days. Experiments are also conducted in which the errors assigned to synthetic tropical cyclone observations are increased. Moderate increases in the assigned errors improve track forecasts on average, but larger increases in the assigned errors produce mixed results. Both experiments allow for reductions in innovations and residuals when compared to dropwindsonde observations. These experiments suggest that a reformulation of the synthetic tropical cyclone observation scheme may lead to improved forecasts as more in situ and remote observations become available.

Maximum Temperatures of Roof Tiles during the Summer Period

2014 ◽  
Vol 1041 ◽  
pp. 303-306
Author(s):  
Sylvia Svobodová ◽  
Libor Matějka
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
In Situ Measurement ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Roof Material ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Solar radiation is the main source of heat gains during the summer period. The most exposed non-translucent structure of the building is the roof. Material characteristics of roof tiles are able to influence the upper surface temperature and also the thermal performance of the whole roof structure. The aim of this article is comparison of the highest temperatures of roofing tiles reached by a summer day in accordance to their material characteristics. Data obtained from an in-situ measurement are compared with the values obtained by numerical calculation. The temperatures obtained by in-situ measurement are higher than thus earned by numerical calculation.

A rapid cooling event over the western Pacific region during the Middle Bronze Age

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangfang Xiao ◽  
Wenfeng Deng ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
Xuefei Chen ◽  
Yangrui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Western Pacific Region ◽  
Rapid Cooling ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The Western Pacific
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