Utility of dual X-ray absorptiometry and single X-ray absorptiometry as diagnostic tools for involutional osteoporosis

The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (FEL) became the first operational high-repetition-rate hard X-ray FEL with first lasing in May 2017. Biological structure determination has already benefitted from the unique properties and capabilities of X-ray FELs, predominantly through the development and application of serial crystallography. The possibility of now performing such experiments at data rates more than an order of magnitude greater than previous X-ray FELs enables not only a higher rate of discovery but also new classes of experiments previously not feasible at lower data rates. One example is time-resolved experiments requiring a higher number of time steps for interpretation, or structure determination from samples with low hit rates in conventional X-ray FEL serial crystallography. Following first lasing at the European XFEL, initial commissioning and operation occurred at two scientific instruments, one of which is the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument. This instrument provides a photon energy range, focal spot sizes and diagnostic tools necessary for structure determination of biological specimens. The instrumentation explicitly addresses serial crystallography and the developing single particle imaging method as well as other forward-scattering and diffraction techniques. This paper describes the major science cases of SPB/SFX and its initial instrumentation – in particular its optical systems, available sample delivery methods, 2D detectors, supporting optical laser systems and key diagnostic components. The present capabilities of the instrument will be reviewed and a brief outlook of its future capabilities is also described.

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Towards Acoustic Vibration as a Diagnostic Tool for Spinal Fractures

Advances in Bioengineering ◽

10.1115/imece2005-81976 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Wafa Tawackoli ◽

Allen Burton ◽

Larry Rhines ◽

Ehud Mendel ◽

Michael Liebschner

Keyword(s):

Ultimate Load ◽

Spinal Fractures ◽

Acoustic Vibration ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Promising Technique ◽

Vertebral Height ◽

X Ray ◽

Vertebral Body Fractures ◽

Shape Changes

The diagnostic tools for clinicians to detect vertebral body fractures are limited to radiation technologies1, such as X-ray and CT. The objective is to identify shape changes that reflect bone tissue failure. Because this method is subjective, only crude changes of 15% and more in vertebral height can be detected2. From in-vitro laboratory experiments it is know that the ultimate load is reached at deformations much less than 5%, and is generally detected before any shape changes are visible in radiographic images3. Acoustic vibration is a promising technique to detect changes in material integrity and quality. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the use of acoustic vibration to detect spinal fractures.

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Engineering Applications of Synchrotron X-Rays and Neutrons and the FaME38 Project

X-Rays in Mechanical Engineering Applications ◽

10.1115/imece2004-62451 ◽

2004 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. J. Webster ◽

Z. Chen ◽

D. J. Hughes ◽

A. Steuwer ◽

B. Malard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Surface Strain ◽

Stress Fields ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Materials Engineering ◽

Set Up ◽

Non Destructive

Large Central Scientific Facilities such as the ESRF (the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) and ILL (the European centre for neutron research), were set up to provide scientists with the advanced facilities they need to exploit neutron and synchrotron X-ray beams for scientific research. Engineers also conduct research at these Facilities, but this is less common as most practicing engineers generally have little or no knowledge of neutron or X-ray scattering, or of their considerable potential for engineering research, model validation, material development and for fatigue and failure analysis. FaME38 is the new joint support Facility for Materials Engineering, located at ILL-ESRF, set up to encourage and to facilitate engineering research by engineers at these facilities. It provides a technical and knowledge centre, a materials support laboratory, and the additional equipment and resources that academic and industrial engineers need for materials engineering research to become practicable, efficient and routine. It enables engineers to add the most advanced scientific diffraction and imaging facilities to their portfolio of diagnostic tools. These include non-destructive internal and through-surface strain scanning, phase analysis, radiography and tomography of engineering components. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction strain mapping is particularly suited for the rigorous experimental, non-destructive, validation of Finite Element and other computer model codes used to predict residual stress fields that are critical to the performance and lifetimes of engineering components. This paper discusses the FaME38 facility and demonstrates its utility in gaining fundamental insight into mechanical engineering problems through examples, including studies of railway rails, welds and peened surfaces that demonstrate the potential of neutron of synchrotron X-ray strain scanning for the determination of residual stress fields in a variety of engineering materials and critical components.

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Radio, X-ray and γ-ray surface brightness profiles as powerful diagnostic tools for non-thermal SNR shells

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18239.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 413 (3) ◽

pp. 1657-1670 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

O. Petruk ◽

S. Orlando ◽

V. Beshley ◽

F. Bocchino

Keyword(s):

Surface Brightness ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

X Ray ◽

Γ Ray

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X-ray-Fluorescence Imaging for In Vivo Detection of Gold-Nanoparticle-Labeled Immune Cells: A GEANT4 Based Feasibility Study

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13225759 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 5759

Author(s):

Arthur Ungerer ◽

Theresa Staufer ◽

Oliver Schmutzler ◽

Christian Körnig ◽

Kai Rothkamm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluorescence Imaging ◽

Cell Tracking ◽

Immune Cell ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽

X Ray ◽

In Vivo Detection ◽

Technological Developments

The growing field of cellular therapies in regenerative medicine and oncology calls for more refined diagnostic tools that are able to investigate and monitor the function and success of said therapies. X-ray Fluorescence Imaging (XFI) can be applied for molecular imaging with nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which can be used in immune cell tracking. We present a Monte Carlo simulation study on the sensitivity of detection and associated radiation dose estimations in an idealized setup of XFI in human-sized objects. Our findings demonstrate the practicability of XFI in human-sized objects, as immune cell tracking with a minimum detection limit of 4.4 × 105 cells or 0.86 μg gold in a cubic volume of 1.78 mm3 can be achieved. Therefore, our results show that the current technological developments form a good basis for high sensitivity XFI.

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Common errors in the treatment of patients with malignant bone tumors

Grekov s Bulletin of Surgery ◽

10.24884/0042-4625-2021-180-2-87-92 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 180 (2) ◽

pp. 87-92

Author(s):

A. A. Kurilchik ◽

V. E. Ivanov ◽

A. L. Starodubtsev ◽

A. L. Zubarev

Keyword(s):

Bone Tumors ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Benign Neoplasm ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

X Ray ◽

Dynamic Relationship ◽

Oncological Diseases ◽

Precise Diagnosis ◽

Oncological Centers

This study was aimed to analyze the most common diagnostic and therapeutic errors in orthopaedic oncological diseases. Bone tumors usually do not have characteristic symptoms, especially in the early stages of disease development. Therefore, they can often mimic benign tumors and non-tumor diseases. Careful history taking, detailed clinical and X-ray examinations in a timely manner are essential diagnostic tools for patients with bone sarcomas. Moreover, a correct analysis of clinical and radiological findings with regard to the dynamic relationship between them can help make more accurate diagnosis at the first doctor’s visit. Subsequent X-ray examinations performed in oncological centers using special methods such as spiral CТ, MRI, PET/CT with mandatory morphological verification of the diagnosis enable us to make a more precise diagnosis and to provide an objective assessment of pathological processes. The most common diagnostic and therapeutic errors that occur in orthopaedic oncological diseases were analyzed. In 35 % of cases, diagnostic or tactical errors were made by general practitioners. In 15 % of cases, the errors were associated with a latent course of disease and 12 % of cases were wrongly diagnosed as a benign neoplasm.

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Development of the PETAL Laser Facility and its Diagnostic Tools

Acta Polytechnica ◽

10.14311/1721 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dimitri Batani ◽

Sebastien Hulin ◽

Jean Eric Ducret ◽

Emmanuel D’Humieres ◽

Vladimir Tikhonchuk et al.

Keyword(s):

Short Pulse ◽

High Energy ◽

High Energy Density ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Performance Goal ◽

X Ray ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Short Pulse Laser ◽

Laser Facility ◽

Operational Phase

The PETAL system (PETawatt Aquitaine Laser) is a high-energy short-pulse laser, currently in an advanced construction phase, to be combined with the French Mega-Joule Laser (LMJ). In a first operational phase (beginning in 2015 and 2016) PETAL will provide 1 kJ in 1 ps and will be coupled to the first four LMJ quads. The ultimate performance goal to reach 7PW (3.5 kJ with 0.5 ps pulses). Once in operation, LMJ and PETAL will form a unique facility in Europe for High Energy Density Physics (HEDP). PETAL is aiming at providing secondary sources of particles and radiation to diagnose the HED plasmas generated by the LMJ beams. It also will be used to create HED states by short-pulse heating of matter. Petal+ is an auxiliary project addressed to design and build diagnostics for experiments with PETAL. Within this project, three types of diagnostics are planned: a proton spectrometer, an electronspectrometer and a large-range X-ray spectrometer.

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Attosecond betatron radiation pulse train

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72053-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vojtěch Horný ◽

Miroslav Krůs ◽

Wenchao Yan ◽

Tünde Fülöp

Keyword(s):

Laser Pulse ◽

Electron Bunch ◽

Spatial Modulation ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

X Ray ◽

Particle In Cell ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Wavelength Radiation ◽

Plasma Accelerators

Abstract High-intensity X-ray sources are essential diagnostic tools for science, technology and medicine. Such X-ray sources can be produced in laser-plasma accelerators, where electrons emit short-wavelength radiation due to their betatron oscillations in the plasma wake of a laser pulse. Contemporary available betatron radiation X-ray sources can deliver a collimated X-ray pulse of duration on the order of several femtoseconds from a source size of the order of several micrometres. In this paper we demonstrate, through particle-in-cell simulations, that the temporal resolution of such a source can be enhanced by an order of magnitude by a spatial modulation of the emitting relativistic electron bunch. The modulation is achieved by the interaction of the that electron bunch with a co-propagating laser beam which results in the generation of a train of equidistant sub-femtosecond X-ray pulses. The distance between the single pulses of a train is tuned by the wavelength of the modulation laser pulse. The modelled experimental setup is achievable with current technologies. Potential applications include stroboscopic sampling of ultrafast fundamental processes.

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Clinical Characteristics of the COVID-19 Patients with Pneumonia Detected by Computerized Tomography but Negative for Infiltration by X-ray

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8040518 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 518

Author(s):

Dilaram Acharya ◽

Jungi Park ◽

Yebong Lee ◽

In Suk Hamm ◽

Dong Seok Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Albumin ◽

Computerized Tomography ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Serum Albumin Level ◽

Albumin Level ◽

Lung Lesion ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Active Lesion ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

X Ray

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread to all corners of the globe. Different diagnostic tools, such as Chest X-ray (CXR), lung ultrasound (LUS), and computerized tomography (CT), have been used to detect active pneumonic lesions associated with COVID-19 with their varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity. This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with a pneumonic lung lesion detected by CT that is not detected by CXR. A total of 156 COVID-19 patients hospitalized at three nationally designated South Korean hospitals with no active lesion detected by CXR but on clinical suspicion of pneumonia underwent the CT examination and were enrolled. Medical records, which included demographic and clinical features, including comorbidity, symptoms, radiological, and laboratory findings on admission, were reviewed and analyzed. The risk factors of pneumonia detected by CT for patients without an active lesion detected by CXR were investigated. Of the 156 patients without an active lesion detected by CXR, 35 (22.44%) patients were found to have pneumonia by CT. The patients with pneumonia defined by CT were older than those without (64.1 years vs. 41.2 years). Comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preexisting stroke, and dementia were more common among patients with pneumonia defined by CT than those without. Serum albumin level, C-reactive protein (CRP), stroke, and age ≥ 70 years were significantly associated with pneumonia defined by CT after adjustment for age. In multivariable regression analysis, serum albumin level (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.123, 95% CI = (0.035–0.429)) and preexisting stroke (AOR = 11.447, 95% CI = (1.168–112.220)) significantly and independently predicted pneumonia detection by CT. Our results suggest that CT scans should be performed on COVID-19 patients negative for a pneumonic lung lesion by CXR who are suspected to be pneumonic on clinical grounds. In addition, older patients with a lower albumin level and a preexisting stroke should be checked for the presence of pneumonia despite a negative CXR finding for an active lesion.

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Neural networks: from image recognition to tokamak plasma tomography

Laser and Particle Beams ◽

10.1017/s0263034619000296 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 171-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Axel Jardin ◽

Jakub Bielecki ◽

Didier Mazon ◽

Jan Dankowski ◽

Krzysztof Król ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Tokamak Plasma ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Inversion Method ◽

Training Process ◽

Crucial Issue ◽

X Ray ◽

The Neural Network ◽

Plasma Core ◽

Future Work

AbstractIn this paper, the possibility of using neural networks for fast tomographic reconstructions of tokamak plasma soft X-ray (SXR) emissivity is investigated. Indeed, the radiative cooling of heavy impurities like tungsten could be detrimental for the plasma core performances of ITER, thus developing robust and fast SXR diagnostic tools is a crucial issue to monitor the impurities and to mitigate in real-time their central accumulation. As preliminary work, a database of emissivity phantoms with associated synthetic measurements is used to train the neural network to solve the inversion problem. The inversion method, training process, and first tomographic reconstructions are presented with the perspectives about our future work.

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