Risk and the outdoor adventure experience: Good risk, bad risk, real risk, apparent risk, objective risk, subjective risk

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dowd
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Adventure ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Experience Good ◽  
Good Risk

Perception of Risk as Related to Choice in a Two-Dimensional Risk Situation

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1059-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Risky Choice ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Risk Situation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Alternatives

A risky choice was created by manipulating two dimensions of risk for 21 managers attending a conference. The first dimension varied risk by altering the difference in expected value between two alternatives of widely differing variance. The second dimension varied the expectancy of achieving a particular outcome. Whereas choice was significantly related to both dimensions of risk, it was not significantly related to estimates of the subjective risk inherent in the choice situation. It appears that subjective risk does not mediate between objective risk and choice.

Young adults’ subjective and objective risk attitude in financial decision making

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Oehler ◽  
Matthias Horn ◽  
Florian Wedlich
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Real World ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to derive the determinants of young adults’ subjective and objective risk attitude in theoretical and real-world financial decisions. Furthermore, a comparison of the factors that influence young adults’ and older adults’ risk attitude is provided. Design/methodology/approach The paper relies on an experimental setting and a cross-sectional field study using data of the German central bank’s (Deutsche Bundesbank) PHF-Survey. Findings Young adults’ objective risk aversion is not constant but increases with stake sizes. Furthermore, young adults’ subjective risk attitude is a better predictor for their objective risk attitude than a set of commonly employed socio-demographics and economics like age or income. Moreover, young adults’ subjective risk attitude works as a mediator for the influence of their investable financial wealth on their objective risk attitude. Although young adults’ subjective risk attitude shows a gender effect, the influence of young adults’ gender on their objective risk attitude decreases with higher stake sizes. Compared to older adults, young adults generally show a similar degree of subjective risk aversion. However, due to stronger financial restrictions, young adults show a higher degree of objective risk aversion. Originality/value Although individuals’ financial outcomes depend on the financial behavior established in young adulthood, there is no study that simultaneously analyzes the determinants of young adults’ subjective and objective risk attitude in real-world financial decisions with a focus on young adults as a separate age group. The paper closes this gap in literature and additionally provides a comparison of the subsamples of young adults and older adults. The analysis in this paper reveals that young adults’ lower engagement in financial markets is primarily driven by their tight budget and not by a fundamental different subjective risk attitude.

Venous thromboembolic risk and thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical outpatients

Phlebologie ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (06) ◽  
pp. 286-288
Author(s):  
V. Hach-Wunderle ◽  
F. H. Mader ◽  
W. D. Paar ◽  
S. K. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Thromboembolic Risk ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic ◽  
Objective Score ◽  
Medical Outpatients

Summary215 German family physicians participated in a prospective registry to assess the venous thromboembolic risk in acutely ill medical outpatients. In 1247 patients who were visited at home due to an acute medical illness, the risk factors were documented using a standardised questionnaire. The doctors subjectively rated the patient’s risk on a scale ranging from 1 to 10 and the result was compared with an objective risk-score which had been previously developed for hospitalized patients and has been successfully used in these patients. The results showed a wide agreement of the subjective risk assessment and the objective score. The resulting consequence of an adequate thromboprophylaxis reflects a high awareness of venous thromboembolic risk among the physicians treating acutely ill medical outpatients.

The relationship between objective risk, subjective risk and behaviour

Ergonomics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. IAN HOWARTH
Keyword(s):  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Subjective risk vs. objective risk can lead to different post-cesarean birth decisions based on multiattribute modeling

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poonam S. Sharma ◽  
Karen B. Eden ◽  
Jeanne-Marie Guise ◽  
Holly B. Jimison ◽  
James G. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Birth ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Analysis of Objective and Subjective Risk

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Haitham Nobanee ◽  
Maryam Alhajjar ◽  
Mohammed Ahmed Alkaabi ◽  
Majed Musabah Almemari ◽  
Mohamed Abdulla Alhassani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Ranking Method ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Scopus Database

In relation to “objective risk” or “subjective risk”, a bibliometric analysis was performed using documents found in the Scopus database. A search for related documents was narrowed down to 192 documents and these were considered in this study. The results of this study suggest that the use of the ranking method and descriptive statistics is not sufficient in presenting a concise bibliometric analysis. To create a more in-depth bibliometric analysis, the results of this study have to be analyzed together with a visualization map using VOSviewer software. This way, researchers can easily locate a specific gap in the literature, understand the relation between the papers on the same subject, and cite the literature studies based on their effectiveness.

Objective Risk Levels and Subjective Risk Perception

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Streufert ◽  
Eugene A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk

Automatic flight control design considering objective and subjective risks during carrier landing

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-461
Author(s):  
Lipeng Wang ◽  
Zhi Zhang ◽  
Qidan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Mathematic Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Law ◽  
System Control ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk

In this article, a design scheme of automatic carrier landing system control law based on combination of the objective risk and the subjective risk is proposed, in order to improve the safety and flying quality of the landing. The nonlinear longitudinal mathematical model is constructed in the air wake turbulence condition during carrier landing, which is transformed into a linear perturbed model by the state-space equations with deviation state variables. The concepts of the objective risk and the subjective risk in the recovery of an aircraft aboard a carrier are addressed. A principle of predicting the future states based on the current ones is put forward so that a mathematic model for the objective risk is established, synthetically considering the current and future landing state deviations. For the other risk, the corresponding model is obtained by the subjective experiences of the pilots in the flight simulation tests. Furthermore, a novel model predictive control algorithm, which contains the additional subjective risk and the time-varying weights of the state terms, is proposed. Automatic carrier landing control law is built by introducing the objective risk, the subjective risk, and the effect of carrier air wake disturbance. In the rolling optimization progress, these time-varying weights are dynamically tuned according to the constantly changing objective risk to control the state deviations and suppress this risk, while the subjective risk is handled by the additional risk terms. Besides, the action of carrier air wake disturbance is considered and compensated in the derivation of the linear matrix inequalities. Test results based on a semi-physical simulation platform indicate that the new automatic carrier landing system control algorithm proposed by this article brings about an excellent carrier landing performance as well as an improved flying quality.

Objective risk, subjective risk, and colorectal cancer screening among a clinic sample

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Alex Matthews ◽  
Ann B. Nattinger ◽  
Thangam Venkatesan ◽  
Reza Shaker ◽  
Ruric C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Screening ◽  
Clinic Sample ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk

scholarly journals Educating Pharmacists on the Risks of Strong Opioids With Descriptive and Simulated Experience Risk Formats: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146832110428
Author(s):  
Odette Wegwarth ◽  
Stefan Wind ◽  
Eva Goebel ◽  
Claudia Spies ◽  
Joerg J. Meerpohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opioid Prescription ◽  
Chronic Noncancer Pain ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Strong Opioids

Objectives. High opioid prescription rates in the United States and Europe suggest miscalibrated risk perceptions among those who prescribe, dispense, and take opioids. Findings from cognitive decision science suggest that risk perceptions and behaviors can differ depending on whether people learn about risks by experience or description. This study investigated effects of a descriptive versus an experience-based risk education format on pharmacists’ risk perceptions and counseling behavior in the long-term administration of strong opioids to patients with chronic noncancer pain. Methods. In an exploratory, randomized controlled online trial, 300 German pharmacists were randomly assigned to either a descriptive format (fact box) or a simulated experience format (interactive simulation). Primary Outcome Measures. 1) Objective risk perception, 2) subjective risk perception, and 3) intended and 4) actual counseling behavior. Results. Both risk formats significantly improved pharmacists’ objective risk perception, but pharmacists exposed to the fact box estimated the benefit-harm ratio more accurately than those exposed to the simulation. Both formats proved equally effective in adjusting pharmacists’ subjective risk perception toward a better recognition of opioids’ harms; however, pharmacists receiving the simulation showed a greater change in their actual counseling behavior and higher consistency between their intended and actual counseling than pharmacists receiving the fact box. Conclusion. The simulated experience format was less effective than the descriptive format in improving pharmacists’ objective risk perception, equally effective in motivating pharmacists to counsel patients on less risky treatment alternatives and more effective in changing the reported actual counseling behavior. Implications. These exploratory findings provide important insights into the relevance of the description-experience gap for drug safety and raise questions for future research regarding the specific mechanisms at work.

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