Floating norms for individualising the ANB angle and the WITS appraisal in orthodontic cephalometric analysis based on guiding variables

Abstract Purpose The sagittal skeletal relationship of maxilla and mandible (skeletal class) can generally be determined via lateral cephalograms (ANB angle or Wits appraisal) by comparing measurements to empirical norms based on the respective population mean. However, values differing from these empirical norms also enable a therapeutically desired, normal class I occlusion depending on individual craniofacial pattern, thus requiring floating norms based on guiding variables. As available regression equations consider only few predictor variables and are not up-to-date regarding a contemporary patient collective, the aim of this study was to establish improved and extended regression equations for individualising the ANB angle and Wits appraisal. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional multicentre study was based on 71 Caucasian male and female subjects of any age with normal dental occlusion. We cephalometrically analysed digitised pretreatment lateral radiographs and performed multiple linear regression analyses to identify suitable skeletal predictor variables for individualising the ANB angle and Wits appraisal. Results Inter- and intrarater reliability tests showed mostly perfect measurement concordance. Both original regression equations by Panagiotidis/Witt and Järvinen could be updated for a contemporary population with new regression coefficients. The equation for individualising the ANB could be further optimised in its prediction reliability by adding the skeletal predictor variables NL-NSL, NSBa, facial axis (Ricketts) and index (Hasund), whereas the recalculated Wits equation could not be further improved by additional guiding variables. Conclusions The improved regression formulae for individualising the ANB angle and Wits appraisal should help to improve the assessment of sagittal skeletal class in clinical orthodontic practice.

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Association of Visual Defects and Occlusal Molar Class in Children

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/7296289 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Silvia Caruso ◽

Roberto Gatto ◽

Mario Capogreco ◽

Alessandro Nota

Keyword(s):

Systemic Disease ◽

Test Group ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dental Occlusion ◽

Clinical Tests ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Second Molar ◽

Visual Defects ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Relationship Of

Purpose. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the presence of any correlations between dysfunctions related to visual impairments and dental occlusion. Methods. The test group included 34 subjects (21 males and 13 females; mean age 11 ± 2 years) randomly selected with the following inclusion criteria: absence of any diagnosis for problems at visual level except those related to refractive defects, visual acuity of at least 1.0, absence of any syndrome or malformation in the craniofacial area, good general health, and absence of any systemic disease able to influence the vision or the craniofacial growth. They underwent visual clinical tests to evaluate the presence of fusional vergence defects and amplitude. Each patient underwent an orthodontic clinical exam and the occlusal molar relationship of each subject was recorded and considered as occlusal variable. A statistical analysis with Chi-Squared test was performed in order to analyze the associations between the visual defects and the occlusal variable. Results. A statistically significant association between the molar occlusal relationship and the occurrence of exodeviations was observed. The percentage of subjects presenting fusional amplitudes with convergence lower of the cut-off value was statistically significantly higher in the group of occlusal molar second class. Conclusions. The results obtained show that there is an association between occlusal second molar class and fusional vergence defects.

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Relationship of chronic rhinosinusitis with dental malocclusion: a prospective study

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20202215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 1145

Author(s):

Jayant K. Sonone ◽

Gaurav S. Tikar ◽

Pallavi G. Thakare ◽

Sushil N. Meshram

Keyword(s):

Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽

Social Acceptance ◽

Facial Asymmetry ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Dental Occlusion ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Anterior Crowding ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Dental Malocclusion

Background: The purpose of this study was to find the effect of chronic rhinosinusitis on dental malocclusion. A malocclusion is defined as an irregularity of the teeth or a mal relationship of the dental arches beyond the range of what is accepted as normal. Malocclusion may not be life-threatening, but it is an important public health issue as it compromises the health of oral tissues and also can lead to psychological and social problems. There are numerous studies in the literature about prevalence of the dental malocclusion but there is no study regarding association of CRS and malocclusion. Several factors related to malocclusion, such as anterior crowding, midline malalignment, and facial asymmetry, have strong effects on the perception of facial aesthetics, which influence the psychological development and in turn, influence social acceptance and self‑perception.Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted from September 2015 to August 2017 and 57 patients with diagnosis of having chronic sinusitis, were evaluated for dental occlusion. Malocclusion is then classified by angle’s classification. Results: Most patients of chronic rhinosinusitis had dental malocclusion in grade II, followed by grade I, then grade III.Conclusions: While treating the patients of CRS one must keep in mind that he may have class II malocclusion which may cause gum disease, poor oral hygiene, impaired speech, mastication and aesthetics of face and need orthodontics management as well.

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Predictability of ANB, Beta, and YEN Angles as Anteroposterior Dysplasia Indicators in Gulbarga Population

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society ◽

10.1177/0301574220912598 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 321-324

Author(s):

Chandrika G. Katti ◽

Archana Mohan ◽

Abhi A

Keyword(s):

Variable Parameter ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Angular Parameter ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Pearson Coefficient ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Skeletal Pattern ◽

Maxilla And Mandible

In orthodontics, various methods of assessing sagittal jaw base relationship are formulated. Earlier, skeletal pattern was analyzed only clinically; however, after the introduction of cephalometrics by Broadbent and Hofrath in 1931, ANB and Beta angles are being used to describe skeletal discrepancies between the maxilla and mandible. YEN angle has also been used as a sagittal dysplasia indicator after its introduction in 2009. The aim of our study is to assess the predictability of ANB, Beta, and YEN angles as anteroposterior dysplasia indicators in skeletal class II malocclusion in Gulbarga population. This study is an attempt to check the variation as well as correlation existing between these 3 parameters, so that a more presumable and least variable parameter can be obtained. Total of 70 lateral cephalograms of skeletal class II patients were selected based on Down’s facial angle and tracing was carried out manually to measure ANB, Beta, and YEN angles. Statistical analysis was carried out to assess the coefficient of variation and the Pearson coefficient. Our study concluded that YEN angle is highly predictable and a homogenously distributed angular parameter used to assess sagittal discrepancy in class II patients compared to ANB and Beta angles.

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Identification of an Alternate Maxillary Apical Base Landmark from Pre-existing Substitution given by Different Authors

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11309 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 36-40

Author(s):

Kunal Patel Patel ◽

Kartik Parikh ◽

Varun Pratap Singh ◽

Jay Soni

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mean Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Lateral Cephalogram ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Beta Angle ◽

Operational Errors ◽

Apical Base

Introduction: It is often difficult to locate Point A in a lateral cephalogram due to operational errors. Faulty identification of PointA can lead to erroneous measurement and faulty diagnosis.Objective: To identify nearest alternative maxillary apical base landmark for Point A substitutions given by different authors.Materials & Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on thirty good quality lateral cephalograms, which were appraisedfor skeletal Class I with the help of parameters angle ANB, WITS appraisal and Beta angle. Only those lateral cephalogramswere selected where Point A was easily identified. Landmarks: Sella (S), Nasion (N), Point A and three substitution points Y, L, Xwere traced. Angles formed by SN with Point A (Angle SNA) and three substitution points (Angle SNY, SNX, SNL) were measured.Correlation of angle SNA with angles SNY, SNX and SNL were derived.Result: A mean value of 82.8o ±1.9o, 83.1o ±1.8o, 78.3o ±2.9o and 78.7o ±2.7o for Angle’s SNA, SNY, SNL and SNX respectivelywas observed. A statistically significant correlation was observed between angles SNA and SNY, SNL, SNX; and strong positivecorrelation was observed with angle SNY.Conclusion: Point Y is the most nearing maxillary apical base landmark to Point A. Hence maxillary apical base landmark canbe substituted by Point Y where identification of point A is not obvious.

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TREATMENT OF CLASS I MALOCCLUSION WITH MILD CROWDING AND MIDLINE SHIFT

Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi ◽

10.20527/dentino.v5i2.8952 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Edwin Triwidianto ◽

Ida Bagus Narmada

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Class I ◽

Facial Appearance ◽

Midline Shift ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Lower Jaw ◽

The Face ◽

Maxilla And Mandible ◽

Flat Profile ◽

Relationship Of

ABSTRACT Background: The main goal of orthodontic treatment is to obtain a normal relationship of the teeth with facial structures and it is generally accepted that orthodontic treatment will have effects on facial proportion. Nowadays, facial appearance has a big influence on someone's appearance. Aesthetic facial appearance will produce a proportional, harmonious, and youthful facial profile. Case: this case report aims to describe that non extraction orthodontic treatment in class I malocclusion with mild crowding and mildline shift is a treatment with considerable success. Case management: A 19 years old female came with a chief complaint of crowding in upper and lower jaw. Intraoral examination revealed bilateral Class I molar and canine relationship. Patient had crowding in upper and lower jaw, and midline shift in lower jaw. Extra oral findings included a flat profile with competent lips. Cephalometric analysis showed skeletal class I with orthognati maxilla and mandible. Patient was bonded with 0.022-inch MBT brackets orthodontic appliance without extraction. After 20 months of treatment, an ideal arch coordination was achieved, the patient felt confident and satisfied with the treatment outcome. Conclusion: Decision to extract a tooth has to be made, not only by considering the amount of crowding, but also the eventual influence of orthodontic tooth displacement on the soft tissue surface of the face. Keywords: Crowding, Midline shift, Non – extraction.

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Relationship of the dimension of cardiac structures to body size: an echocardiographic study in normal infants and children

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951100005217 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 402-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

P. E. F. Daubeney ◽

E. H. Blackstone ◽

R. G. Weintraub ◽

Z. Slavik ◽

J. Scanlon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

The Body ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Echocardiographic Study ◽

Z Scores ◽

Relationship Of

AbstractNormalization of the dimensions of cardiac structures to the size of the body, using so-called Z scores, is becoming increasingly common in the management of infants and children with congenital heart disease. Current published nomograms for the ascertainment of Z scores for cardiac structures in childhood are based largely on normal data obtained in formalin-fixed hearts. Since decisions concerning management are frequently based on the findings of cross-sectional echocardiograms, the dimensions of 15 cardiac structures were measured using cross-sectional echocardiography in 125 normal infants and children. Regression equations were derived relating cardiac dimensions to the size of the body. The expression of size with the highest correlation to cardiac dimensions was body surface area. Nomograms were then developed from which the Z score of a cardiac structure could be estimated from a knowledge of the body surface area and the echocardiographically derived measurement.

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Morphological Characteristics of the Symphyseal Region in Adult Skeletal Class III Crossbite and Openbite Malocclusions

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/101606-427.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 38-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Chooryung Judi Chung ◽

Sinae Jung ◽

Hyoung-Seon Baik

Keyword(s):

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Korean Adult ◽

Using Data ◽

And Control ◽

Relationship Of

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the relationship of the morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region of adult Class III malocclusion to the differences in overjet and overbite. Materials and Methods: The basal and symphyseal widths along with the alveolar and symphyseal heights were evaluated using data from the lateral cephalograms of Korean adult male skeletal Class III, divided into crossbite (n = 28) and openbite (n = 41) groups. Korean male normal occlusion samples (n = 32) were used as controls. Results: The width of the symphyseal region including the basal width, point B width, Id width, symphyseal thickness, and pogonion width were similar in adult Class III crossbite and normal occlusion groups, but significantly less in the adult Class III openbite group (P < .001). The alveolar height was similar in the adult Class III crossbite and control groups, but significantly less in the adult Class III openbite group (P < .05). However, the symphyseal height was similar in all three groups. Conclusions: An openbite, rather than a negative overjet, is the major factor influencing the symphyseal morphology in an adult Class III malocclusion.

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A Comparative Evaluation of Reliability of Beta and YEN Angle in Diagnosis of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion: A Lateral Cephalometric Study

Journal of Contemporary Dentistry ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1151 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 101-103

Author(s):

VK Ravindranath ◽

Priya K Gupta ◽

Vivek J Patni

Keyword(s):

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Beta Angle ◽

Maxilla And Mandible ◽

Cephalometric Study

ABSTRACT Introduction An accurate evaluation of sagittal jaw relationship is important in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Numerous angular and linear measurements have been incorporated to assess anteroposterior jaw discrepancy between maxilla and mandible so as to reach the correct diagnosis. So the purpose of this study is to compare Beta angle and YEN angle used to measure anteroposterior dysplasia and to find which is the most reliable between them. Materials and Methods The sample comprised 26 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of Skeletal class II patients. Results Descriptive analysis was performed and highly significant values were found with both Beta angle and YEN angle. Conclusion Beta and YEN angles are significant ones to assess the sagittal jaw relationship between maxilla and mandible. How to cite this article Gupta PK, Karandikar GR, Ravindranath VK, Sonawane M, Patni VJ. A Comparative Evaluation of Reliability of Beta and YEN Angle in Diagnosis of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion: A Lateral Cephalometric Study. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(2):101-103.

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The Airway Volume Related to the Maxillo-Mandibular Position Using 3D Analysis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6670191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Víctor Ravelo ◽

Gabriela Olate ◽

Gonzalo Muñoz ◽

Márcio de Moraes ◽

Sergio Olate

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

3D Analysis ◽

Class Iii ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Mandibular Plane ◽

Mandibular Position ◽

Skeletal Pattern ◽

Maxilla And Mandible

Objective. The aim of this research was to compare three cephalometric analyses and their correlation with the airway volume in subjects with different skeletal classes using 2D and 3D images. Study Design. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Material and Method. Steiner, McNamara, and Ricketts analyses and the airway volume were compared in 115 subjects who were candidates for orthognathic surgery under diagnosis using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT); 46 males (40%) and 69 females (60%) were included. The sagittal positions of the maxilla and mandible, the angulation of the mandibular plane, the sagittal positions of the upper and lower incisors, measurements of the largest or shortest airway area, and the volume were compared using Spearman’s test considering a p value < 0.05. Results. Differences were observed between the Steiner and McNamara techniques for the sagittal position of the maxilla ( p = 0.01 ). For mandibular angulation, there was a greater difference between values for Steiner and Ricketts techniques ( p = 0.001 ). In the upper incisor, the results for McNamara and Ricketts techniques were significantly different ( p = 0.004 ). Analysing the airway, subjects with a class II skeletal pattern had a smaller volume than those with a class III pattern ( p = 0.034 ). Conclusion. It may be concluded that skeletal class II patients have a significantly smaller airway volume than class III patients. The skeletal parameter does not always relate to the airway volume; however, the high mandibular angle could be related to the airway conditions.

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Evaluation and Correlation of Beta Angle with Wits Appraisal and ANB Angle in Various Skeletal Malocclusion Groups—A Cephalometric Study

Dental Journal of Advance Studies ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1731923 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mandeep K. Bhullar ◽

Arun K. Thakur ◽

Sanjay Mittal ◽

Isha Aggarwal ◽

Tanzin Palkit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Class I ◽

Dental Occlusion ◽

Class Iii ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Skeletal Malocclusion ◽

Skeletal Class Ii ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Beta Angle

Abstract Introduction Sagittal skeletal discrepancies are frequently assessed by Wits appraisal and point A–Nasion–point B (ANB) angle. These angular and linear measurements depend upon various factors and sometime produced inaccurate results. Beta angle has been introduced recently and possesses significant advantage over ANB and Wits appraisal, because it is independent of cranial landmarks and dental occlusion. Aim To evaluate and correlate beta angle in various skeletal malocclusions and its correlation with Wits appraisal and ANB angle. Material and Methods The present study was carried out in Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India. A total of 63 pretreatment lateral cephalograms (23 skeletal class I, 20 skeletal class II, and 20 skeletal class III) of patients aged between 14 to 25 years were included. Various landmarks and planes were identified and marked. Values of Wits appraisal, ANB angle, and beta angle were recorded. Comparisons of group were made with the chi-square test. Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated to see relation between different values. Results Values of correlation coefficient of beta angle with Wits appraisal and ANB angle were –0.645 and –0.815, respectively. Conclusion Overall beta angle showed strong correlation with Wits appraisal and ANB angle, however correlation of beta angle with Wits appraisal and ANB angle among various skeletal malocclusion groups (skeletal class I, II, and III) was not statistically significant.

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