Gender differences in the skill content of jobs

AbstractThere is significant heterogeneity in actual skill use within occupations even though occupations are differentiated by the task workers should perform during work. Using data on 12 countries which are available both in the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies survey and International Social Survey Program, we show that women use their cognitive skills less than men even within the same occupation. The gap in skill intensity cannot be explained by differences in worker characteristics or in cognitive skills. Instead, we show that living in a partnership significantly increases the skill use of men compared with women. We argue that having a partner affects skill use through time allocation as the gender penalty of partnered women is halved once we control for working hours and hours spent on housework. Finally, we do not find evidence of workplace discrimination against women.

Religion and Happiness

Social Trends in American Life ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691133317.003.0011 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Hout ◽

Andrew Greeley

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Religious Affiliation ◽

General Social Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Social Survey ◽

Religious Rituals ◽

Religious Services ◽

Using Data ◽

This chapter discusses the link between happiness and religion. It draws on meaning-and-belonging theory to deduce that a religious affiliation heightens happiness through participation in collective religious rituals. Attendance and engagement appear key: a merely nominal religious affiliation makes people little happier. Notably, two religious foundations of happiness—affiliation with organized religious groups and attendance at services—have fallen. Softened religious engagement, then, may contribute to the slight downturn in general happiness. In fact, steady happiness is reported among those who participate frequently in religious services, but falling levels among those who are less involved. The chapter also considers the association between religion and happiness outside the United States using data from the International Social Survey Program, an international collaborative survey to which the General Social Survey contributes the American data.

European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions

Transfer European Review of Labour and Research ◽

10.1177/1024258920933118 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 345-358

Author(s):

Bengt Furåker

Keyword(s):

Trade Union ◽

Trade Unions ◽

Union Density ◽

Employee Attitudes ◽

Financial Resources ◽

Social Survey ◽

European Trade ◽

Using Data ◽

European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.

Occupation and the Political Economy of Trade: Job Routineness, Offshorability, and Protectionist Sentiment

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818317000339 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 665-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Erica Owen ◽

Noel P. Johnston

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Social Survey ◽

Job Tasks ◽

Occupational Characteristics ◽

Advanced Economies ◽

Using Data ◽

Trade Preferences ◽

AbstractThe recent backlash against globalization in many advanced economies raises questions about the source of this protectionist sentiment. Traditional accounts generally attribute the welfare consequences of trade to skill level or industry characteristics, or instead emphasize the nonmaterial determinants of support for openness. Consequently, we know little about how a major labor market characteristic—occupation—shapes both the distributional consequences of and preferences toward trade openness. We propose and test a new theory of trade policy preferences based on occupation characteristics. Drawing from the tasks literature in economics, we argue that occupation characteristics are a key determinant of how trade affects workers and thus individuals' trade preferences. Our theory suggests that, in advanced economies, individuals in routine-task-intensive occupations will be negatively affected by trade, and thus more protectionist. This relationship will increase in the degree to which occupation job tasks can be provided from a distance (i.e., offshorable). We find support for our theory using data from the 2003 and 2013 International Social Survey Programme in high-income democracies. Our results suggest that the occupational characteristics of routineness and offshorability are important determinants of trade preferences, offering additional understanding of the sources of protectionist sentiment even after controlling for labor market characteristics suggested by conventional wisdom.

Nation-level Gender Inequality and Couples' Income Arrangements

10.31235/osf.io/nd6rb ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Joanna R. Pepin ◽

Philip N. Cohen

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

National Level ◽

Married Couples ◽

Social Survey ◽

Cohabiting Couples ◽

Money Manager ◽

Couples Treatment ◽

Using Data ◽

Using data from the 2012 International Social Survey Program (n = 8,269), this study investigated how couples integrate and manage their income across 20 countries with varying degrees of gender inequality. Couples were more likely to report that one person managed the shared pot of money in countries with high gender inequality compared with couples in more gender equal countries. This pattern was not moderated by within-couple earnings equality. We found a cohabitation—marriage gap in income arrangements that is largest where national-level gender equality is high. In more gender equal contexts, married couples were more likely to pool and manage their money together, whereas a larger proportion of married couples assigned one money manager in countries with less gender equality. Cohabiting couples were more likely to keep some money separate than to take-up a pooled, jointly managed approach in more gender equal countries. Findings demonstrate the need to consider both management and pooling dimensions of couples’ treatment of money to understand the influence of contextual factors on couples’ income arrangements.

Work satisfaction of the self-employed

The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation ◽

10.1177/1465750316648574 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 89-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Natalie Sappleton ◽

Fernando Lourenço

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Work Satisfaction ◽

Working Hours ◽

European Social Survey ◽

The Self ◽

Social Survey ◽

Self Employment ◽

Final Sample ◽

Using Data ◽

Occupational Settings

Studies on segregation in employment are suggestive of higher levels of job satisfaction in female-dominated occupational settings. This research investigates whether this effect is replicated in self-employment. We explore whether satisfaction differentials are related to differences in autonomy and working hours. Our hypotheses are tested using data from the European Social Survey. The final sample consists of 1079 males and 326 females. Our research suggests that differences in job satisfaction among self-employed men and women should not be attributed to gender but to gender composition of sector. Our study contributes to our understanding of gender within a sectoral perspective and the significance of work autonomy and level of working hours to improve work satisfaction of the self-employed.

Three-Stage Transitional Theory: Egalitarian Gender Attitudes and Housework Share in 24 Countries

Frontiers in Sociology ◽

10.3389/fsoc.2021.700301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Author(s):

Man-Yee Kan ◽

Kamila Kolpashnikova

Keyword(s):

Demographic Transition ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Gender Attitudes ◽

Second Demographic Transition ◽

Social Survey ◽

Using Data ◽

International Social ◽

Over Time

How does the association between gender attitudes and housework share vary across countries and time? We examine the second demographic transition as it unmasks in the association between gender attitudes and housework participation. Using data of the 2002 and 2012 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) for 24 countries, we find that the association between gender attitudes and housework share became stronger over time in most countries, signifying that the Second Demographic Transition was in place. The results also show that the association varied across the 24 countries, reaching an equilibrium in many but at different stages. Our findings suggest that equilibria in the domestic division of labour take various forms and paces in the ISSP countries.

National Belonging and Public Support for Multiculturalism

The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics ◽

10.1017/rep.2019.52 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Sara Wallace Goodman ◽

Hannah M. Alarian

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Public Support ◽

National Identities ◽

Social Solidarity ◽

National Belonging ◽

Social Survey ◽

Using Data ◽

Abstract How do views about national identity shape support for multiculturalism? In this paper, we argue that individuals who view national ingroup belonging as “achievable” are more likely to support multiculturalism than individuals who view belonging as “ascriptive.” Using data from the 1995, 2003, and 2013 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) Nationality Identity survey waves across 35 advanced democracies, we find achievable national identities correspond with support for multicultural principles but not for programmatic aspects involving government intervention. Robust analyses reveal these patterns are specific to the content, rather than the strength, of one's national identity. Our findings underline the role of both national belonging and outgroup attitudes on building support for policies of inclusion—and therefore social solidarity—in diverse democracies.

Bureaucratic characteristics and citizen trust in civil service in OECD member nations

International Area Studies Review ◽

10.1177/2233865917753899 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 114-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SeoYoun Choi

Keyword(s):

Public Administration ◽

Civil Service ◽

Public Trust ◽

Social Survey ◽

Individual Perceptions ◽

And Gender ◽

Using Data ◽

Different Levels ◽

Do various bureaucratic characteristics explain different levels of public trust in civil service? While studies have suggested various desirable traits for public administration in democratic societies, including political responsiveness, representativeness, and professionalism, their possible linkages to public evaluations of government bureaucracies are insufficiently investigated. This article examines how such attributes are related to citizens’ evaluations of civil service using a multilevel analysis across 18 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member nations. The bureaucratic characteristics are measured using data from the Quality of Government (QoG) Expert Survey and the OECD statistics. The survey data from the 2004 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) are used to capture individual perceptions of public administration. The empirical results show that levels of citizens’ trust in bureaucracies is higher when an impartial and gender representative public administration exists. The findings contribute to our understanding of the correlates of public trust in government agencies, as well as consequences of emphasizing different bureaucratic traits across nations.

Attitudes towards income inequality: ‘Winners’ versus ‘losers’ of the perceived meritocracy

Acta Sociologica ◽

10.1177/0001699317748340 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 47-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Karlijn LA Roex ◽

Tim Huijts ◽

Inge Sieben

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Social Position ◽

Or Education ◽

Social Survey ◽

Lower Status ◽

Two Factors ◽

Using Data ◽

Group Esteem ◽

Individuals with a higher social position are more tolerant of current income inequality than individuals with a lower social position. Besides this, attitudes towards income inequality are influenced by inequality-legitimising myths in a given society. Little is known about how these two factors interact. This study combines these two lines of research and argues that different social strata are more polarised in their attitudes towards inequality in societies with strong prevalent meritocratic perceptions. We expect lower-status individuals (i.e. with a lower income or education) to experience a threat to their group esteem and therefore be less likely to support their society’s inequalities in societies with such strong meritocratic perceptions. This hypothesis was tested using data from the International Social Survey Programme 2009 (Social Inequality) on 39 countries. The results show that different social strata are indeed more polarised in their attitudes towards inequality in societies where meritocratic perceptions are more prevalent. Our results are robust for income, but not for education. This suggests that in perceived meritocracies, people regard income as the primary indicator of effort and ability.

Medical Pluralism in East and West Europe: A Comparison of People Visiting Alternative/Traditional/Folk Healthcare Practitioners

10.31124/advance.17090900.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ivan Soucek ◽

Roman Hofreiter

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Economic Status ◽

Medical Pluralism ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Social Survey ◽

Low Incomes ◽

Using Data ◽

High Level ◽

Trust In Physicians ◽

Using data from International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), the principal aim of this study was to conduct a cross-cultural comparision of medical pluralism in Eastern and Western European countries. In Easterne Europe, a total of 531 (5.5%) respondents reported and alternative/traditional/folk (A/T/F) healthcare practitioner visit during preceding 12 months, the results of the survey showed that in Western Europe, similar visits were reported by 17,881 (11.6%) individuals. In the Western region of Europe, CAM methods either provide a coping strategy for those on low incomes, with limited access to conventional healthcare or an alterantive option for members of the younger generation. However, in the Eastern region, A/T/F practitioners are mostly visited by city dwellers, who have a higher socio-economic status, a relatively high level of trust in physicians. <br>