scholarly journals Towards a traceable divider for composite voltage waveforms below 1 kV

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Galliana ◽  
S. E. Caria ◽  
P. E. Roccato
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Impulse Generator ◽  
Electrical Devices ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Wave Shapes

AbstractIn the framework of the European Project 19NRM07 HV-com2 supporting the standardization in high-voltage testing with composite and combined wave shapes, a divider to employ in a test set-up for validation of electrical devices submitted to composite voltages below 1 kV has been developed at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM) and currently is under extensive testing. After a simulation stage, an available divider has been modified to comply with the IEC 60,060 requirements in terms of step response and scale factor. To be suitably fast in replying to step voltages, an adjustment of the components of the low-voltage arm has been made. The divider has been calibrated with traceability to the relevant INRIM National Standards and characterized exploiting its scale factor at different voltages and frequencies. The divider has been then inserted in a set-up with a sinusoidal generator, an impulse generator and coupling–blocking elements to carry out tests at low voltages (below 1 kV) with single voltages. In these tests, the divider showed a satisfactory attitude as converting device and its scale factor is traceable with suitable uncertainty.

Low Voltage Skin Burns

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-832
Author(s):  
Charles W. Jarvis ◽  
Donald A. Voita
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Function ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Laboratory Safety ◽  
High Voltage Direct Current ◽  
Electrical Devices ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

The hazards accompanying the increasing use of line-operated electrical devices for diagnosis and therapy as well as the more common hospital appliances such as electrically operated beds, television sets, radio sets, and so forth have been recently reemphasized.1 Most physicians are aware of the dangers of alternating current (60 Hz AC) or of high voltage direct current (DC) , especially in relation to cardiac function. However, few physicians seem to be aware of the hazards of low voltage direct current. A standard text2 on laboratory safety fails to mention the subject. Low voltage direct current is used with many different types of miniature electronic devices and iontophoresis.

15 kV, Large Area (1 cm2), 4H-SiC p-Type Gate Turn-Off Thyristors

2013 ◽  
Vol 740-742 ◽  
pp. 978-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Cheng ◽  
Anant K. Agarwal ◽  
Craig Capell ◽  
Michael J. O'Loughlin ◽  
Khiem Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Test Set ◽  
High Injection ◽  
Blocking Voltage ◽  
Set Up ◽  
P Type ◽  
Drift Layer ◽  
Injection Current Density

In this paper, we report our recently developed 1 cm2, 15 kV SiC p-GTO with an extremely low differential on-resistance (RON,diff) of 4.08 mΩ•cm2 at a high injection-current density (JAK) of 600 ~ 710 A/cm2. The 15 kV SiC p-GTO was built on a 120 μm, 2×1014/cm3 doped p-type SiC drift layer with a device active area of 0.521 cm2. Forward conduction of the 15 kV SiC p-GTO was characterized at 20°C and 200°C. Over this temperature range, the RON,diff at JAK of 600 ~ 710 A/cm2 decreased from 4.08 mΩ•cm2 at 20°C to 3.45 mΩ•cm2 at JAK of 600 ~ 680 A/cm2 at 200°C. The gate to cathode blocking voltage (VGK) was measured using a customized high-voltage test set-up. The leakage current at a VGK of 15 kV were measured 0.25 µA and 0.41 µA at 20°C and 200°C respectively.

Resistive Divider with Mid-Electrode for Nanosecond High-Voltage Pulse Measurement

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 1083-1087
Author(s):  
Jing Liang Chen ◽  
Tian Yu Lin ◽  
Dong Qiao Bai ◽  
Xue Ling Yao
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Voltage Pulse ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Response Characteristic ◽  
High Voltage Pulse ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Pulse Measurement ◽  
Resistive Divider ◽  
The One

Resistive dividers have been widely applied in the field of high voltage pulse measurement because of its simple structure, fast response, large power and low distortion rate [1], but measurement inaccuracy is usually coming when the rise time of pulses is less than 10ns. In the article the effects on the response characteristic are investigated theoretically and experimentally and it puts forward a solution that a mid-electrode is joined to transform the distributed capacitance into the one from high voltage side to mid-electrode and the one from mid-electrode to earth in series connection. A new resistive divider with mid-electrode is designed with high voltage side of 10.2kΩ, low voltage side of 10.01Ω and ratio of 1061.86. It is revealed that the divider has excellent response characteristic with the step response time of less than 1.6ns and the measurement uncertainty of less than 1%.

scholarly journals Development of Broadband Resistive–Capacitive Parallel–Connection Voltage Divider for Transient Voltage Monitoring

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Shijun Xie ◽  
Zhou Mu ◽  
Weidong Ding ◽  
Zhenbo Wan ◽  
Shaochun Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Voltage Divider ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Internal Electric Field ◽  
Scale Factors ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Transient Voltages

The on-site measurement of transient voltages is of great significance in analyzing the fault cause of power systems and optimizing the insulation coordination of power equipment. Conventional voltage transformers normally have a narrow bandwidth and are unable to accurately measure various transient voltages in power systems. In this paper, a wideband parallel resistive–capacitive voltage divider is developed, which can be used for online monitoring of transient voltages in a 220 kV power grid. The structures of the high-voltage and low-voltage arms were designed. The internal electric field distribution of the high-voltage arm was analyzed. The influence factors and improvement techniques of the upper frequency limit were studied. The parameters of the elements of the divider were determined. The voltage withstand performances and scale factors under lightning impulses and AC and DC voltages, the temperature stabilities of scale factors and the step response and bandwidth of the developed voltage divider were tested. The results show that the deviations of the scale factors under various voltage waveforms and different temperatures ranging from −20 to 40 °C are within 3%. The withstand voltage meets the relevant requirements specified in IEC60071-1-2011. The step response 10~90% rise time is approximately 29 ns, and the 3 dB bandwidth covers the range of DC to 10 MHz.

Low-Voltage Variable Gain Current Amplifier for High-Voltage Signal Processing

2009 ◽  
Vol 129 (8) ◽  
pp. 1511-1517
Author(s):  
Nicodimus Retdian ◽  
Jieting Zhang ◽  
Takahide Sato ◽  
Shigetaka Takagi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Current Amplifier ◽  
Variable Gain ◽  
Voltage Signal

scholarly journals The third form electric organ discharge of electric eels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xu ◽  
Xiang Cui ◽  
Huiyuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electric Organ Discharge ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
The Third ◽  
Electric Organs ◽  
Electric Eel ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Discharge Behavior ◽  
Unique Species

AbstractThe electric eel is a unique species that has evolved three electric organs. Since the 1950s, electric eels have generally been assumed to use these three organs to generate two forms of electric organ discharge (EOD): high-voltage EOD for predation and defense and low-voltage EOD for electrolocation and communication. However, why electric eels evolved three electric organs to generate two forms of EOD and how these three organs work together to generate these two forms of EOD have not been clear until now. Here, we present the third form of independent EOD of electric eels: middle-voltage EOD. We suggest that every form of EOD is generated by one electric organ independently and reveal the typical discharge order of the three electric organs. We also discuss hybrid EODs, which are combinations of these three independent EODs. This new finding indicates that the electric eel discharge behavior and physiology and the evolutionary purpose of the three electric organs are more complex than previously assumed. The purpose of the middle-voltage EOD still requires clarification.

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