A Review on Monitoring Solar System Parameters Using IoT

The most significant system for monitoring solar systems is the solar parameters monitoring system. Solar energy is a renewable energy source produced by solar panels. Solar energy is a renewable energy source produced by solar panels. Voltage, light intensity, and temperature are the parameters that the system measures. An Arduino Uno microcontroller board is used in the suggested monitoring system. Solar panel, LDR Sensor, LM 35, Arduino microcontroller, and resistors are used in the system. Light. LDR sensor is used to detect light intensity, L35 is used to measure temperature, and a voltage divider circuit is used to monitor voltage in this system. Keywords: Solar Panel, Monitoring, Renewable Energy, Solar Panel, Arduino Uno.

Development of Broadband Resistive–Capacitive Parallel–Connection Voltage Divider for Transient Voltage Monitoring

The on-site measurement of transient voltages is of great significance in analyzing the fault cause of power systems and optimizing the insulation coordination of power equipment. Conventional voltage transformers normally have a narrow bandwidth and are unable to accurately measure various transient voltages in power systems. In this paper, a wideband parallel resistive–capacitive voltage divider is developed, which can be used for online monitoring of transient voltages in a 220 kV power grid. The structures of the high-voltage and low-voltage arms were designed. The internal electric field distribution of the high-voltage arm was analyzed. The influence factors and improvement techniques of the upper frequency limit were studied. The parameters of the elements of the divider were determined. The voltage withstand performances and scale factors under lightning impulses and AC and DC voltages, the temperature stabilities of scale factors and the step response and bandwidth of the developed voltage divider were tested. The results show that the deviations of the scale factors under various voltage waveforms and different temperatures ranging from −20 to 40 °C are within 3%. The withstand voltage meets the relevant requirements specified in IEC60071-1-2011. The step response 10~90% rise time is approximately 29 ns, and the 3 dB bandwidth covers the range of DC to 10 MHz.

PEMBUATAN ALAT TPS (THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR) CHECKER PADA SEPEDA MOTOR HONDA REVO PGM-FI BERBASIS IOT MENGGUNAKAN MODUL ESP32

Berkembangnya teknologi membuat mesin kendaraan sekarang menggunakan sistem injeksi yang dilengkapi dengan berbagai komponen dan sensor untuk mendukung proses pembakaran di ruang mesin. Salah satunya yaitu TPS (Throttle Position Sensor). Sensor TP berfungsi untuk mendeteksi adanya perubahan posisi pada throttle gas. Adanya kerusakan pada sensor TP dapat mempengaruhi performa dari kendaraan. Umumnya pengecekan sensor TP dilakukan menggunakan multimeter yang tentunya sulit untuk dilakukan, karena posisi dari sensor TP yang sulit dijangkau. Maka dari itu dibutuhkan alat yang mampu digunakan untuk mengecek kondisi sensor TP secara efisien. TPS Checker merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk mengecek kondisi sensor TP melalui pengukuran tegangan pada input dan output sensor TP serta hambatannya sesuai dengan kondisi bukaan throttle gas. Hasil pengukuran didapat dari rumus pembagi tegangan (voltage divider). Alat TPS checker dibuat dengan menggunakan microcontroller ESP32 yang dapat dihubungkan dengan smartphone untuk menampilkan hasil pengukuran secara real-time melalui aplikasi Blynk serta dilengkapi fitur reset untuk menghapus data kerusakan yang sudah terdeteksi dan tersimpan di Engine Control Unit (ECU). TPS Checker dapat digunakan untuk mengukur sensor TP pada seluruh kendaraan injeksi, namun penulis melakukan pengujian TPS Checker menggunakan sepeda motor Honda Revo PGM-FI. Setiap tipe kendaraan memiliki standar pengukuran yang berbeda-beda. Standar pengukuran pada motor Honda Revo PGM-FI yaitu tegangan sensor TP sebesar 4,75V – 5,25V dan hambatan berada pada rentang 0 – 5K Ohm. Dari hasil pengujian TPS Checker dapat disimpulkan bahwa alat ini mampu digunakan untuk melakukan pengukuran pada sensor TP serta menghapus kode kerusakan pada sepeda motor Honda Revo PGM-FI.

Parallel Comparator based voltmeter using Single Electron Tunneling Transistor

By manipulating an electron that tunnels the tunnel junction of a single electron transistor, one will be able to reach a standard output logic “1” or logic “0”. The operation of the Single Electron Transistor (SET) is depending upon the bias voltage as well as the input signal(s). By varying the input voltage levels of a SET, the output voltage levels can significantly be changed on the basis of tunneling of an electron whether tunneling happened or not. As our concentration is the measuring of an unknown voltage, we are to implement a voltmeter system to provide a digital output of 3 bits whenever an unknown input voltage is kept in touching in the input terminal. A reference/standard voltage (say 8mV) will be connected in series with eight resistances ( 8 Rs) for the purpose of making a seven threshold voltages, for 7 comparators, in an ascending order of values from ground to reference voltage for seven comparators which are used in this present work. The voltmeter implemented consists of (i) a voltage divider, (ii) a set of seven comparators, (iii) seven Exclusive-OR gates and (iv) three 4-input OR gates. The concepts of implementing “Parallel Comparator based voltmeter” is discussed in two ways (i) by classical block diagram and (ii) using Single electron transistor based circuit. The measuring of an input analog voltage will not be the same as the digital output value. A 3-bit output indicates that the input analog voltage must lie on within a particular small range of voltage. The encoder circuit which is connected to the outputs of the comparators is hard to construct whenever the three terminals output are expressed with the output variables (Wi) of the comparators. For simple and user-friendly circuit, the outputs (Wi) of the comparators are modified to Di variables so as to get the same 3-bit encoder/voltmeter output. For this purpose, 7 extra component called 2-input XORs based on SET are used. Seven such XORs are set, and the output of them are passed to three 4-input OR gates according to the required logic expressions. It is found that all the output data of the voltmeter are coherently matched with the theoretical aspects. Processing delays are found out for all circuits. Power consumptions of all of them are shown in tabular and graphical forms. All the circuit we are intending to make are provided in due places with their logic circuit or simulation set and the simulation results are provided as well. Different truth tables are given for keeping track of whether input-output relationships matches with the theoretical results. We have thought of whether the present work circuits are faster or slower than the circuits of CMOS based-circuits. The power consumed at the time of tunneling event for a circuit is measured and sensed that it exists in the range between 1×10^(-18) Joules to 22×10^(-18)Joules which is very small amount. All the combinational circuits presented in this work are of SET-based.

Development of Stand-Alone DC Energy Datalogger for Off- Grid PV System Application Based on Microcontroller

This article presents a microcontroller-based direct current (DC) energy data logger developed by adapting low-cost ATmega328 by measuring the PV system DC and voltage characteristics while simultaneously recording the measured value over time to compute the energy production Watt-hour (Wh). The prototype logger has been tested on a live 1 kW standalone PV system where the voltage sensor detects PV series array output voltage ranging between 0–50 VDC by a voltage divider sensing circuit. For accurate sensing of the current output measurement from the PV array, 50A ACS756 hall effect IC was integrated as the current sensor. The data was measured and saved in text format with comma-separated values (CSV) in an SD card, read using Microsoft Excel software. The liquid crystal display (LCD) showed the actual value of the recording process’s current, voltage, power, and duration in minutes. The recorded data has been compared to the standard laboratory digital multimeter for calibration manually to justify the measurement value. The error is minimized to 0.6% average by varying the constant float value in the programming code. The advantage of developing this logger is that the development cost is much cheaper than the standard commercial PV energy meter, can be reproduced for other DC application energy measurements, and easily modify the voltage and current range to suit the application. Apart from that, this logger also provides high accuracy performance, and its independent characteristic is practical for off-grid or off-site PV system use.

A simulation study on memory characteristics of InGaZnO-channel ferroelectric-FETs with 2D planar and 3D structure

We have investigated memory characteristics of InGaZnO (IGZO)-channel ferroelectric-FETs (FeFETs) with 2D planar and 3D structure by TCAD simulation to improve the memory window (MW) with a floating-body channel for high-density memory applications. From the study on 2D-planar FeFETs with single-gate (SG) and double-gate (DG), the MW depends on channel length (L) and enhanced with shorter L due to the stronger electrostatic coupling from the source and drain to the center region of the IGZO layer. From the study on 3D-structure FeFETs with macaroni (MAC) and nanowire (NW) structure, the large MW can be obtained especially in NW FeFETs due to the electric-field concentration by Gauss’s law in the 3D electrostatics. Furthermore, we have systematically studied and discussed the device design of MAC and NW structure FeFETs in terms of the diameter and thickness for high-density memory applications. As IGZO thickness decreases and outer diameter of the IGZO layer decreases, the MW increases due to the voltage divider and the electric-field concentration. The device parameters that can maximize the MW can be determined under the constraints of the layout and material based on this study.

Method to Evaluate the Resistance–Capacitance Voltage Divider and Uncertainty Analysis

The resistance and capacitance parameters of a resistance–capacitance divider may change due to factors such as long-term operation, internal insulation flashover, and dielectric breakdown, which will affect the measurement characteristics of the resistance–capacitance divider. Since it is difficult to separate the voltage divider, and because improper disassembly will damage the insulation of the equipment, measuring the resistance and capacitance parameters of a voltage divider non-destructively has always been a problem. In this paper, an indirect method for evaluating the resistance and capacitance parameters is proposed, and the uncertainty of measurement of this method is determined. Simulation and actual test results show that this method can be used to estimate the resistance–capacitance parameters and has a good level of measurement accuracy. Besides, through the uncertainty analysis, it is concluded that the proposed method can overcome measurement errors within a certain range and has high practicability. Finally, a very practical application scenario of the proposed method is given, showing that the proposed method has good economic significance.

Data Acquisition System and Pattern Image Generations for Hand Grip Device

Grip pattern is essential to understand how an object being held in hand. One of the solutions is to use the pressure sensing glove to capture the gripping pressure distributed on the surface of the palm. The objective of this project is to develop a data acquisition system for a gripping device that can capture the grip patterns when a person is gripping an object. The design comprises of Velostat sheet, rows, and columns of conductive threads, that are sandwiched and layered to form a glove with pressure sensor grids. Arduino is used to generate the signals for data acquisition and interface with the MATLAB program through serial communication. On the MATLAB, the sensor data are organized and represented in hand pattern color image. Voltage Divider Rule (VDR) was used in an experiment with different resistor values and the effect of the image patterns were observed. Another experiment has been designed to find out the grip consistency. The results show that resistor values 330ohm can cause the image pattern create noises. Meanwhile, 4.7kohm resistance value is sufficient to eliminate most of the noises made in the pattern images. In this paper, different grip images can be obtained from different grip activities, such as holding toothbrush, lifting dumbbell, and pressing syringe. Future works can be done in resolution improvement and grip pattern recognition.