Overview on the role of heavy metals tolerance on developing antibiotic resistance in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raju Biswas ◽  
Urmi Halder ◽  
Ashutosh Kabiraj ◽  
Amit Mondal ◽  
Rajib Bandopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Metals Tolerance

scholarly journals The Recombination Genes addAB Are Not Restricted to Gram-Positive Bacteria: Genetic Analysis of the Recombination Initiation Enzymes RecF and AddAB in Rhizobium etli

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (23) ◽  
pp. 7905-7913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobo Zuñiga-Castillo ◽  
David Romero ◽  
Jaime M. Martínez-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Rhizobium Etli ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT Single-strand gaps (SSGs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the major initiation sites for recombination. In bacteria, the SSGs are repaired by RecFOR, while the DSBs are processed by RecBCD in gram-negative bacteria and AddAB in gram-positive bacteria. Unexpectedly, instead of recBCD genes, the addAB genes were found in members of the α-proteobacteria group (gram negative). Taking Rhizobium etli as a model, the role of recF and addAB genes in homologous recombination and repair of damaged DNA was evaluated. Inactivation of either recF or addA provoked strong sensitivity to UV radiation and mitomycin C, while an additive effect was observed in the recF-addA mutant. The DSBs generated by nalidixic acid caused low viability only in the addA mutant. The recombination frequency of large and small plasmids was reduced in the recF mutant (24- and 36-fold, respectively), whereas a slight decrease (threefold) in the addA mutant was observed. Moreover, an additive effect (47- and 90-fold, respectively) was observed in the double mutant, but it was not as dramatic as that in a recA mutant. Interestingly, the frequency of deletion and Campbell-type recombination was slightly affected in either single or double mutants. These results suggest that another pathway exists that allows plasmid and Campbell-type recombination in the absence of recF and addA genes.

scholarly journals Pattern of antibiotic resistance of various strains of bacteria causing acute tonsillitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
N. Jyothsna ◽  
A. Ramya ◽  
K. Abhilash ◽  
Bathsa Liza Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Acute Tonsillitis ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs ◽  
Significant Difference

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Our study was done to determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance of various strains of bacteria causing acute tonsillitis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> the study was a randomized cross sectional study. Patients matching the inclusion criteria were included. Duration of study was 6 months.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 120 cases, 46 cases showed no bacterial growth (NBG) and 74 cases showed bacterial growth. 42 cases were gram-negative bacterial strain and 32 cases were positive bacterial strain out of 72 bacterial grown cases. A list of 25 antibiotic drugs in gram-negative and 31 drugs in gram-positive strain, their sensitivity and resistance were taken and noted. Among gram-negative bacteria imipenem (71.4%) showed highest sensitivity. Highest antibiotic resistance was seen in ampicillin (85.71%). Least sensitivity is observed in clindamycin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid with 2.38%. Among gram-positive bacteria, highest sensitivity was noted in cefotaxime (75%). Highest antibiotic resistance was seen in cotrimoxazole (46.8%). Least sensitivity is observed in netilmicin, sulbactam with 3.12%.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The number of drugs resistant to the gram-positive bacteria are lesser than number of drugs sensitive, which showed significant difference (p&lt;0.05). Significant difference of antibiotic drugs was not found in gram-negative bacteria. Our study findings helped in appropriate and guarded use of the antibiotic drugs in acute tonsillitis, minimizing the exposure of individuals to antibiotic resistance by choosing an appropriate sensitive drug, therefore improving the quality of therapy.</p>

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance pattern in intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 906
Author(s):  
Amit Bhatia ◽  
Juhi Kalra ◽  
Saurabh Kohli ◽  
Barnali Kakati ◽  
Reshma Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Background: Antimicrobials are a major class of drugs prescribed in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Widespread use of empirical antibiotic therapy has facilitated the emergence of drug resistance, since empirical therapy is very often initiated at the outset, even before culture and sensitivity reports are available. The problem of drug resistance is on a rise, therefore, this study was planned to assess the drug resistance and sensitivity patterns of the blood isolates recovered from ICU.Methods: An observational- prospective study was conducted in the Tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of twelve months to assess antibiotic resistance and sensitivity pattern. A total of 104 consecutive patients receiving antibiotics in the ICU and having blood cultures with significant growth were included in the study. Blood sample was collected and after obtaining a culture growth, the identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done.Results: Blood stream infection by Gram-negative bacteria (50.96%) was more common than Gram-positive bacteria (49.04%). Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) was the predominant single blood culture isolate (35.58%). Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.46%), Escherichia coli (12.50%), Acinetobacter baumannii complex (7.69%) were commonly isolated gram negative organisms. Gram positive isolates were resistant to beta lactams in maximum patients whereas Tigecycline, Linezolid, Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin and Teicoplanin were sensitive against them. Common gram negative isolates were sensitive to Colistin and Tigecycline but resistant to most of the antibiotics.Conclusions: A preponderance of gram negative bacteria over gram positive bacteria was noted with a higher degree of resistance to most of the first line antimicrobial agents. 

scholarly journals Lipoproteins of Gram-Positive Bacteria: Key Players in the Immune Response and Virulence

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Thu Nguyen ◽  
Friedrich Götz
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽  
Number Of Publications

SUMMARYSince the discovery in 1973 of the first of the bacterial lipoproteins (Lpp) inEscherichia coli, Braun's lipoprotein, the ever-increasing number of publications indicates the importance of these proteins. Bacterial Lpp belong to the class of lipid-anchored proteins that in Gram-negative bacteria are anchored in both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes and in Gram-positive bacteria are anchored only in the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast to the case for Gram-negative bacteria, in Gram-positive bacteria lipoprotein maturation and processing are not vital. Physiologically, Lpp play an important role in nutrient and ion acquisition, allowing particularly pathogenic species to better survive in the host. Bacterial Lpp are recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) of the innate immune system. The important role of Lpp in Gram-positive bacteria, particularly in the phylumFirmicutes, as key players in the immune response and pathogenicity has emerged only in recent years. In this review, we address the role of Lpp in signaling and modulating the immune response, in inflammation, and in pathogenicity. We also address the potential of Lpp as promising vaccine candidates.

scholarly journals The Fst/Ldr Family of Type I TA System Toxins: Potential Roles in Stress Response, Metabolism and Pathogenesis

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Keith Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Type I ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
Peptide Toxins ◽  
And Function

The parpAD1 locus was the first type I toxin–antitoxin (TA) system described in Gram-positive bacteria and was later determined to be the founding member of a widely distributed family of plasmid- and chromosomally encoded TA systems. Indeed, homology searches revealed that the toxin component, FstpAD1, is a member of the Fst/Ldr superfamily of peptide toxins found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Regulation of the Fst and Ldr toxins is distinct in their respective Gram-positive and Gram-negative hosts, but the effects of ectopic over-expression are similar. While, the plasmid versions of these systems appear to play the canonical role of post-segregational killing stability mechanisms, the function of the chromosomal systems remains largely obscure. At least one member of the family has been suggested to play a role in pathogenesis in Staphylococcus aureus, while the regulation of several others appear to be tightly integrated with genes involved in sugar metabolism. After a brief discussion of the regulation and function of the foundational parpAD1 locus, this review will focus on the current information available on potential roles of the chromosomal homologs.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates retrieved from febrile neutropenic patients with hematological disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Prajapati ◽  
Bishesh Sharma Poudyal ◽  
Krishna Kumar Maharjan ◽  
Sunita Prajapati ◽  
Janak Raj Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hematological Disorders ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Neutropenic Patients

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is nowadays becoming a threat in the treatment of immunosuppressed patients. The aim of this study was to find out the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from febrile neutropenic patients with hematological disorders so that it would help to select the empirical antibiotic for prompt effective treatment of the febrile neutropenic patients. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital of Nepal from October 2018 to November 2019. Blood was drawn aseptically in blood culture bottles. The bacteria were identified by standard microbiological methods with observation of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests of bacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo Beta Lactamase (MBL) producers, and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were detected by phenotypic methods. Results Of the total 214 blood samples, 33.9% (71) yielded the bacterial growth. Gram negative bacteria were isolated from 23.8% of total samples and Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 9.3% of the total samples. The Gram negative bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (7.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.7%), Citrobacter spp. (4.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (3.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.8%). The Gram-positive bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (5.6%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (2.3%) and Enterococcus spp. (1.4%). About 66.7% of the total Gram-negative bacteria isolated and 50% of the total Gram-positive bacteria were MDR (Multidrug-resistant). About 19.6% of the total Gram-negative bacteria were ESBL producers and 19.6% of them were MBL producers. About 41.6% of Staphylococcus aureus isolated were MRSA (Methicillin Resistant S. aureus). In our institution, piperacillin-tazobactam is the preferred first choice empirical antibiotic. But 58.8% of the Gram negative organisms were found to be resistant towards piperacillin-tazobactam. Hence there is a prompt necessity to switch to another antibiotic with high sensitivity for effective treatment of the febrile neutropenic patients in our institution. Conclusion Antibiotic surveillance data should be evaluated periodically to select the empirical therapeutic antibiotic for effective treatment of febrile neutropenic patients.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Rates at a Military Hospital in Riyadh Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-395
Author(s):  
Nehad Jaser Ahmed ◽  
Mohammad Abdalla ◽  
Hadeel Alahmadi ◽  
Abdul Haseeb ◽  
Amer Hayat Khan
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Resistance Rates

scholarly journals Stenotrophomonas maltophilia D457R Contains a Cluster of Genes from Gram-Positive Bacteria Involved in Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1778-1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Alonso ◽  
Patricia Sanchez ◽  
José L. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Negative Bacterium ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT A cluster of genes involved in antibiotic and heavy metal resistance has been characterized from a clinical isolate of the gram-negative bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. These genes include a macrolide phosphotransferase (mphBM) and a cadmium efflux determinant (cadA), together with the genecadC coding for its transcriptional regulator. ThecadC cadA region is flanked by a truncated IS257 sequence and a region coding for a bin3invertase. Despite their presence in a gram-negative bacterium, these genetic elements share a common gram-positive origin. The possible origin of these determinants as a remnant composite transposon as well as the role of gene transfer between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants in chronic, mixed infections is discussed.

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