RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) is known to inhibit the activity of GnRH neurons. It is not yet clear whether its G protein-coupled receptors, GPR147 and GPR74, are present on GnRH neurons or on afferent inputs of the GnRH neuronal network or whether RFRP-3 can inhibit gonadotropin secretion independently of GnRH. We tested the following: 1) whether GnRH is essential for the effects of RFRP-3 on LH secretion; 2) whether RFRP-3 neurons project to GnRH and rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons in mice, and 3) whether Gpr147 and Gpr74 are expressed by these neurons. Intravenous treatment with the GPR147 antagonist RF9 increased plasma LH concentration in castrated male rats but was unable to do so in the presence of the GnRH antagonist cetrorelix. Dual-label immunohistochemistry revealed that approximately 26% of GnRH neurons from male and diestrous female mice were apposed by RFRP-3 fibers, and 19% of kisspeptin neurons from proestrous female mice were apposed by RFRP-3 fibers. Using immunomagnetic purification of GnRH and kisspeptin cells, single-cell nested RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization, we showed that 33% of GnRH neurons and 9–16% of rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons expressed Gpr147, whereas Gpr74 was not expressed in either population. These data reveal that RFRP-3 can act at two levels of the GnRH neuronal network (i.e. the GnRH neurons and the rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons) to modulate reproduction but is unable to inhibit gonadotropin secretion independently of GnRH.
Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone