Tendons and ligaments of the Rangifer tarandus metapodial and hoof

AbstractRangifer tarandus, the northern species including both reindeer and caribou, is a pillar of northern ecosystems and the lives of northern peoples. As the only domestic cervid, reindeer are important not only to the herders and hunters who presently interact with them, but also to zooarchaeologists and palaeontologists tracing their histories. Unfortunately, limited anatomical information on Rangifer tarandus muscles is available beyond descriptions of the large muscle groups. The lower limb and hoof in particular is poorly documented. This is problematic, as this important body part has the potential to be informative in zooarchaeological analyses of habitual activity, especially in regards to historical animal health, movement, and habitual activity. Better understanding of the hoof can additionally be useful to herders and veterinarians seeking to provide veterinary care for living animals. This study has used dissections and comparisons of the reindeer hoof with other domestic ungulates to document both the common and unique structures in Rangifer tarandus hooves, including the presence and attachment points of these structures. As these structures have proved unique, especially in regards to the dewclaw, it is important that other ungulates not be used exclusively in the analysis of Rangifer tarandus remains.

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A glance on dystonias, how to recognize and handle them

NATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY ◽

10.28942/nnj.v1i3.178 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 22-29

Author(s):

F. N. Mercan ◽

E. Bayram ◽

M. C. Akbostanci

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Movement Disorder ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Body Part ◽

Classification Model ◽

Treatment Choices ◽

Muscle Groups

Dystonia refers to an involuntary, repetitive, sustained, painful and twisting movements of the affected body part. This movement disorder was first described in 1911 by Hermain Oppenheim, and many studies have been conducted to understand the mechanism, the diagnosis and the treatment of dystonia ever since. However, there are still many unexplained aspects of this phenomenon. Dystonia is diagnosed by clinical manifestations, and various classifications are recommended for the diagnosis and the treatment. Anatomic classification, which is based on the muscle groups involved, is the most helpful classification model to plan the course of the treatment. Dystonias can also be classified based on the age of onset and the cause. These dystonic syndromes can be present without an identified etiology or they can be clinical manifestations of a neurodegenerative or neurometabolic disease. In this review we summarized the differential diagnosis, definition, classifications, possible mechanisms and treatment choices of dystonia.

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Poor Oral Health as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11122898 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2898 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Domenico Azzolino ◽

Pier Carmine Passarelli ◽

Paolo De Angelis ◽

Giovan Battista Piccirillo ◽

Antonio D’Addona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Food Selection ◽

Whole Body ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Dietary Counselling ◽

The Common ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Aging is accompanied by profound changes in many physiological functions, leading to a decreased ability to cope with stressors. Many changes are subtle, but can negatively affect nutrient intake, leading to overt malnutrition. Poor oral health may affect food selection and nutrient intake, leading to malnutrition and, consequently, to frailty and sarcopenia. On the other hand, it has been highlighted that sarcopenia is a whole-body process also affecting muscles dedicated to chewing and swallowing. Hence, muscle decline of these muscle groups may also have a negative impact on nutrient intake, increasing the risk for malnutrition. The interplay between oral diseases and malnutrition with frailty and sarcopenia may be explained through biological and environmental factors that are linked to the common burden of inflammation and oxidative stress. The presence of oral problems, alone or in combination with sarcopenia, may thus represent the biological substratum of the disabling cascade experienced by many frail individuals. A multimodal and multidisciplinary approach, including personalized dietary counselling and oral health care, may thus be helpful to better manage the complexity of older people. Furthermore, preventive strategies applied throughout the lifetime could help to preserve both oral and muscle function later in life. Here, we provide an overview on the relevance of poor oral health as a determinant of malnutrition and sarcopenia.

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Increase in flexor but not extensor corticospinal motor outputs following ischemic nerve block

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.01118.2010 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 107 (12) ◽

pp. 3417-3427 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ann-Maree Vallence ◽

Geoffrey R. Hammond ◽

Karen T. Reilly

Keyword(s):

Motor Evoked Potential ◽

Body Part ◽

Corticospinal Excitability ◽

Differential Sensitivity ◽

Systematic Change ◽

Body Parts ◽

Human Motor Cortex ◽

Plastic Changes ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Ischemic Nerve Block

Human motor cortex is capable of rapid and long-lasting reorganization, evident globally, as shifts in body part representations, and at the level of individual muscles as changes in corticospinal excitability. Representational shifts provide an overview of how various body parts reorganize relative to each other but do not tell us whether all muscles in a given body part reorganize in the same manner and to the same extent. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides information about individual muscles and can therefore inform us about the uniformity of plastic changes within a body part. We used TMS to investigate changes in corticospinal excitability of forearm flexors and extensors after inflation of a tourniquet around the wrist. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes and input/output (I/O) curves were obtained from wrist flexors and extensors simultaneously before and during block. TMS was delivered to the optimal site for eliciting MEPs in flexors in experiment 1, extensors in experiment 2, and both flexors and extensors in experiment 3. In all experiments flexor MEP amplitude increased during block while extensor MEP amplitude showed no systematic change, and the slope of flexor but not extensor I/O curves increased. Flexor H-reflex amplitude normalized to maximal M wave showed negligible changes during block, suggesting that the increase in corticospinal excitability in the flexors cannot be completely explained by increased excitability at the spinal cord level. These findings show that forearm flexors and extensors differ in their potential for plastic changes, highlight the importance of investigating how experimentally induced plasticity affects anatomically close, but functionally distinct, muscle groups, and suggest that rehabilitation interventions aiming to alter cortical organization should consider the differential sensitivity of various muscle groups to plasticity processes.

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Variants of strength athletics (progression) and its application in training practice especially considering the speed of exercise performance

Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0010.4616 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Marek Kruszewski ◽

Agnieszka Olszewska ◽

Stanisław Kuźmicki ◽

Artur Kriszewski ◽

Karol Landowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Athletic Performance ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Combat Sports ◽

Specific Strength ◽

Training Cycle ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Training Practice ◽

Large Muscle

The aim of the study was to present the modifications of strength athletics, enabling the competitors to achieve maximal muscular stimulations, leading to the development of specific strength in large muscle groups. The application goal was also determined, involving presentation of exercise sets used in strength sports and combat sports, developing specific strength in major muscle groups, particularly considering the tempo of exercising in each training sub-periods. The reference sources are reviewed as well as the earlier publications, describing the basic modalities of strength athletics. The versions of this approach connected with methodical recommendations of Polish Strength Athletics School, established by Augustyn Dziedzic are also presented. Each variant of strength athletics is described in terms of its usefulness for developing maximal strength, anaerobic endurance, mastering motor habits (techniques), applying exercises which have a similar or a more complex structure than these previously applied and a fast tempo of exercising. Tempo variations are attributed to each sub-period of the training cycle, considering the frequency of application and exercise sets, aimed at the development of large muscle groups are presented. It is emphasized that strength athletics should be regarded as a set of approaches, which, regularly applied, allow considerable increases of maximal muscular strength, anaerobic endurance and mastering motor habits. It has been confirmed that the application of different modalities of exercising tempo not only enriches their resources, but also can increase muscular strength and power, significantly contributing to the improvement of athletic performance in combat sports.

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The Effect of Diverting Activity on Fatigue During Isokinetic Exercise Using Large Muscle Groups

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/1533-4287(1999)013<0072:teodao>2.0.co;2 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

A. ROTSTEIN ◽

R. JABLONOWSKY ◽

S. BAR-SELA ◽

G. MALAMUD ◽

G. TENENBAUM ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Isokinetic Exercise ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Diverting Activity ◽

Large Muscle

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The Effect of Diverting Activity on Fatigue During Isokinetic Exercise Using Large Muscle Groups

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/00124278-199902000-00013 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 72-75

Author(s):

A. ROTSTEIN ◽

R. JABLONOWSKY ◽

S. BAR-SELA ◽

G. MALAMUD ◽

G. TENENBAUM ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Isokinetic Exercise ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Diverting Activity ◽

Large Muscle

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PECULIARITIES OF TRICHINELLA LARVAE DISTRIBUTION IN BADGERS’ MUSCLES THAT INHABIT IN AMUR REGION

Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University) ◽

10.31677/2072-6724-2019-50-1-171-176 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 171-176

Author(s):

T. I. Trukhina ◽

I. A. Solovieva ◽

G. A. Bondarenko ◽

D. A. Ivanov

Keyword(s):

Meat Products ◽

Body Part ◽

Human Infection ◽

Amur Region ◽

The Body ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Lean Tissue ◽

Regional Center ◽

Eating Meat ◽

Muscle Groups

Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease that affects animals and humans. Trichinella is a causative agent seen as a small round worm invisible to the eye. Trichinellosis affects pets and wild animals. Pigs, horses, dogs and synanthropic rats are seen to suffer from the disease more often among the domestic animals, and bears, wild boars, foxes, badgers and others – among the wild ones. . Human infection takes place when eating meat and meat products as raw dried homemade sausages and ham, kebabs, fried meat and other meat products contaminated with trichinell larvae. Infestation of wild animals is caused by predation or eating of dead animals. Pets are infected by eating slaughter products, food scraps and dead animals (rats). Trichinella are preserved in the animal muscles for some years. Badgers populations are seen as one of trichinosis reserves in Amur region. To determine specific features of trichinella larvae distribution in the lean tissue, the researchers explored the materials of 21 badgers from different areas of Amur region. The researchers used the heads or separate muscle groups for conducting the research. This is explained by remote location of many districts from the regional center. Trichinella larvae were detected by compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion in artificial gastric juice. The analysis showed that the number of trichinell larvae in the same muscle group does not depend on the side of the animal’s body, i.e. their number is almost identical on both the left and right sides. Invasion rate (IR) was defined as ratio of the number of infected animals to the total number of animals explored (in percentage). Invasion intensity (II) was determined by the number of trichinell larvae in 1 g of lean tissue (lye/g). The same method was used to investigate the distribution of trichinella larvae in 15 muscle groups of a badger. Invasion intensity in the infected animals was 14.3%. The largest number of trichinella larvae in a badger is concentrated in the head muscles, and there are no significant differences from the body part. The authors recommend to explore the badger carcasses and muscle sampling mainly from the head.

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Macroscopical and microscopical studies of the common bile duct in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.10.1.784 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Timo Rahko ◽

Sven Nikander

Keyword(s):

Bile Duct ◽

Common Bile Duct ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Common Duct ◽

Close Contact ◽

Elastic Tube ◽

Histological Structure ◽

Mucous Secretion ◽

Pancreatic Acini ◽

The Common

The histological structure and secretory function of the common bile duct (ductus hepaticus communis) has not been previously described in reindeer. Macroscopical studies were thus performed in 25 reindeer to reveal the morphology and topography of the ductus hepaticus communis and adjoining organs. Histologic structure of the common bile duct was investigated in 20 animals. Our studies showed that the ductus hepaticus communis and pancreaticus join about 2 cm before the duodenal opening to form the common duct. The common bile duct is an elastic tube about 3 to 5 cm long and 2 to 3 mm thick partly surrounded by fat and pancreatic tissues. The wall of the duct, being about 1 mm thick by light microscopy, consisted of folded mucosa surrounded by connective tissue fibres and a serosal layer. Distally, also muscular bands were seen. In some areas separate leucocytes and even lymphatic nodules were present. Surprisingly pancreatic acini occurred in certain areas of the wall, even in close contact to subepithelial tissues. Mucosal epithelium consisted of surface and glandular epithelial cells with mucous secretion. Numerous intraepithelial globule leucocytes were identifiable within the lamina epithelialis.Tutkimus yhteisen sappikäytävän rakenteesta porolla.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Yhteisen sappikäytävän (ductus hepaticus communis) histologista rakennetta ja eritystoimintaa ei ole aikaisemmin kuvattu porolla. Makroskooppisia tutkimuksia suoritettiin 25 porolla yhteisen sappikäytävän rakenteen ja topografian selvittämiseksi. Seinämän histologinen rakenne selvitettiin 20 porolla. Tutkimukset osoittivat, että porolla ductus hepaticus communis ja ductus pancreaticus yhtyvät noin 2 cm ennen ohutsuolta muodostaakseen yhteisen tiehyeen. Ductus hepaticus communis on noin 3-5 cm pitkä ja 2-3 mm:n läpimittainen käytävä. Se on elastinen ja osit-tain rasva- ja haimakudoksen ympäröimä. Seinämä on mikroskooppisesti noin 1 mm paksu. Sisäosan muodostaa poimuuntunut limakalvo. Limakalvoa ympäröivät sidekudossäikeet ja serosa, sappikäytävän loppuosassa myös lihassäikeistö. Seinämässä havaittiin yksittäisiä valkosoluja ja imusolukasautumia. Poikkeuksellisena anatomisena piirteenä voidaan pitää haimasaarekkeiden esiintymistä sappikäytäväseinämän kudoksissa jopa läheisessä kosketuksessa pintaepiteeliin. Limakalvon epiteelikudos on sekä pinta- että rauhassolukkoa, joka erittää limaa. Epiteelissä tunnistettiin lukuisia kerässoluja huolimatta siitä, että poroille oli suoritettu loishäätö edellisenä syksynä.Studier av gallgången (ductus hepaticus communis) hos ren.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Den gemensamma gallgångens histologi och sekretoriska funktion hos renen har inte tidigare beskrivits. För att klarlägga den makroskopiska byggnaden och topografin av den gemensamma gallgången (ductus hepaticus communis) undersöktes dessa i 25 renar. Väggen i 20 gallgånger granskades histologiskt. Undersökningarna visade att ductus pancreaticus mynnar ut i ductus hepaticus communis bildande en gemensam utforselgång till duodenum. Ductus hepaticus communis är c. 2-3 mm i diameter och 3-5 cm lång. Den elastiska gangens vägg är c. 1 mm tjock delvis omgiven av fett- och pankreasvävnad. Gangens vägg består av serosa, bindvävsfibrer och nära mynningen ses muskelfibrer. Insidan av gången är beklädd med en veckad slemhinna. Lymfatisk vävnad och enstaka lymfocyter observeras. Anmärkningsvärt är att pankreasvävnad förekommer i gallgångens vägg och under slemhinnan. Slemhinnans epitel består av yt- och körtelepitel som avsöndrar slem. De globulära leukocyterna var talrika i epitelet trots att renarna avmaskats på hösten.

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Acute effects of strength exercise with blood flow restriction on the arterial resistance index

Journal of Physical Education ◽

10.4025/jphyseduc.v31i1.3127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sabrina Lencina Bonorino ◽

Vanessa da Silva Corralo ◽

Sedinei Lopes Copatti ◽

Eduardo Simões Da Matta ◽

Alex Lazzari Dornelles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Brachial Artery ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Strength Exercises ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Small Muscle ◽

Large Muscle

The present study aimed to evaluate the acute behavior of the brachial artery resistance index (BARI) and popliteal artery resistance index (PARI) in response to low intensity strength exercises involving small (SMG) and large muscle groups (LMG) performed with and without blood flow restriction. Eleven men (age 23 ± 3.29 years) underwent a four-arm, randomized, cross-over experiment: Small muscle group exercise (SMG), small muscle groups with blood flow restriction (SMG+BFR), large muscle groups (LMG) and large muscle groups with blood flow restriction (LMG+BFR). The behavior of BARI and PARI was evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and at 15 and 30 minutes during recovery. Data analysis showed a significant reduction of the BARI from rest to post-exercise only in the protocols involving SMG, regardless of the BFR (p <0.05). Protocols involving LMG, with or without BFR, did not affect PARI (p> 0.05), but were efficient to promote significant increases in BARI (p <0.05) immediately after exercise. Our findings indicate that the exercises involving SMG, regardless of BFR, are efficient to promote local vasodilatation (brachial artery), but without systemic effects. None of the analyzed protocols affected the PARI behavior.

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Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens7010029 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Volker Moennig ◽

Paul Becher

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Animal Health ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽

Viral Diarrhea ◽

Control Programs ◽

Additional Control ◽

Successful Control ◽

The Common ◽

Systematic Control

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious diseases of cattle with respect to animal health and economic impact. Its stealthy nature, prolonged transient infections, and the presence of persistently infected (PI) animals as efficient reservoirs were responsible for its ubiquitous presence in cattle populations worldwide. Whereas it was initially thought that the infection was impossible to control, effective systematic control strategies have emerged over the last 25 years. The common denominators of all successful control programs were systematic control, removal of PI animals, movement controls for infected herds, strict biosecurity, and surveillance. Scandinavian countries, Austria, and Switzerland successfully implemented these control programs without using vaccination. Vaccination as an optional and additional control tool was used by e.g., Germany, Belgium, Ireland, and Scotland. The economic benefits of BVD control programs had been assessed in different studies.

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