A Rice Yellow-Green-Leaf 219 Mutant Lacking the Divinyl Reductase Affects Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Chloroplast Development

Abstract BackgroundThe ankyrin repeat (ANK) proteins are widely distributed in organisms ranging from viruses to plants, which play key roles in plastid differentiation, embryogenesis, chloroplast biogenesis and so on. However, only a few ANK genes have been identified in rice.ResultsIn this study, we isolated a yellow-green leaf mutant, 520ys, from japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare through ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis. The mutant exhibited a yellow-green leaf phenotype throughout the life cycle, arrested development of chloroplasts, reduced levels of photosynthetic pigments, and accumulated reactive oxide species. Map-based cloning suggested that the candidate gene was LOC_Os07g33660, which encodes an expressed protein containing one ankyrin repeat and showing sequence similarity with the Arabidopsis LTD/GDC1 (At1g50900). Transgenic complementation experiment confirmed that LOC_Os07g33660 is the causal gene for the mutant type of 520ys. 520YS (LOC_Os07g33660) is mainly expressed in green tissues and its encoded protein is targeted to the chloroplast. In 520ys mutant, expression levels of four light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein translocation-related genes and eight photosynthesis-related genes were significantly down-regulated.ConclusionWe characterized a novel ANK gene, 520YS, which plays a key role in chloroplast development in rice.

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Rice TSV2 Encoding Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase is Needed for Early Chloroplast Development and Seedling Growth under Cold Stress

G3 Genes|Genome|Genetics ◽

10.1093/g3journal/jkab196 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dongzhi Lin ◽

Wenhao Zhou ◽

Yulu Wang ◽

Jia Sun ◽

Xiaobiao Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Stress ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Trna Synthetase ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Trna Synthetases ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Virescent Mutant ◽

Albino Phenotype

Abstract Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS), one of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs), plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. However, the AARS functions on rice chloroplast development and growth were not fully appraised. In this study, a thermo-sensitive virescent mutant tsv2, which showed albino phenotype and lethal after the 4-leaf stage at 20 °C but recovered to normal when the temperatures rose, was identified and characterized. Map-based cloning and complementation tests showed that TSV2 encoded a chloroplast-located ThrRS protein in rice. The Lys-to-Arg mutation in the anticodon-binding domain hampered chloroplast development under cold stress, while the loss-of-function of the ThrRS core domain in TSV2 fatally led to seedling death regardless of growing temperatures. In addition, TSV2 had a specific expression in early leaves. Its disruption obviously resulted in down-regulation of certain genes associated with chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis and chloroplast development at cold conditions. Our observations revealed that rice nuclear-encoded TSV2 plays an important role in chloroplast development at the early leaf stage under cold stress.

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Characterization and Fine Mapping of a Yellow-Virescent Gene Regulating Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Early Stage Chloroplast Development in Brassica napus

G3 Genes|Genome|Genetics ◽

10.1534/g3.120.401460 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 3201-3211 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chuanji Zhao ◽

Lijiang Liu ◽

Luqman Bin Safdar ◽

Meili Xie ◽

Xiaohui Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Early Stage ◽

Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Protoporphyrin Ix ◽

Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽

Crop Species ◽

Chlorophyll Accumulation ◽

Nucleotide Mutation

Abstract Chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development are crucial to photosynthesis and plant growth, but their regulatory mechanism remains elusive in many crop species. We isolated a Brassica napus yellow-virescent leaf (yvl) mutant, which exhibited yellow-younger-leaf and virescent-older-leaf with decreased chlorophyll accumulation and delayed chloroplast development. We mapped yvl locus to a 70-kb interval between molecular markers yvl-O10 and InDel-O6 on chromosome A03 in BC2F2 population using whole genome re-sequencing and bulked segregant analysis. The mutant had a ‘C’ to ‘T’ substitution in the coding sequence of BnaA03.CHLH, which encodes putative H subunit of Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase (CHLH). The mutation resulted in an imperfect protein structure and reduced activity of CHLH. It also hampered the plastid encoded RNA polymerase which transcribes regulatory genes of photosystem II and I. Consequently, the chlorophyll a/b and carotenoid contents were reduced and the chloroplast ultrastructure was degraded in yvl mutant. These results explain that a single nucleotide mutation in BnaA03.CHLH impairs PEP activity to disrupt chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis in B. napus.

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Identification and functional analysis of leaf chlorosis-related genes essential for chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice

10.5353/th_991044014367703414 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Qingzhu Li

Keyword(s):

Functional Analysis ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Leaf Chlorosis

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Characterization and transcriptomic analysis of a novel yellow-green leaf wucai (Brassica campestris L.) germplasm

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-021-07573-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Libing Nie ◽

Yushan Zheng ◽

Liting Zhang ◽

Ying Wu ◽

Shidong Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Fixation ◽

Brassica Campestris ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Parental Line ◽

Functional Identification ◽

Leaf Color ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Leaf Type

Abstract Background Leaf color mutants are the ideal materials to explore the pathways of chlorophyll (Chl) metabolism, chloroplast development, and photosynthesis system. In this study, a spontaneous yellow-green leaf wucai (Brassica campestris L.) mutant “WY16–13” was identified, which exhibited yellow-green leaf color during its entire growth period. However, current understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying Chl metabolism and chloroplast development of “WY16–13” is limited. Results Total Chl and carotenoid content in WY16–13 was reduced by 60.92 and 58.82%, respectively, as compared with its wild type parental line W16–13. Electron microscopic investigation revealed fewer chloroplasts per cell and looser stroma lamellae in WY16–13 than in W16–13. A comparative transcriptome profiling was performed using leaves from the yellow-green leaf type (WY16–13) and normal green-leaf type (W16–13). A total of 54.12 million (M) (WY16–13) and 56.17 M (W16–13) reads were generated. A total of 40,578 genes were identified from the mapped libraries. We identified 3882 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in WY16–13 compared with W16–13 (i.e., 1603 upregulated genes and 2279 downregulated genes). According to the Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, these DEGs are involved in porphyrin and Chl metabolism [i.e., chlorophyllase (CLH), heme oxygenase (HO), chlorophyll (ide) b reductase (NYC), and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes], carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Moreover, deficiency in Chl biosynthetic intermediates in WY16–13 revealed that the formation of the yellow-green phenotype was related to the disorder of heme metabolism. Conclusions Our results provide valuable insights into Chl deficiency in the yellow-green leaf mutant and a bioinformatics resource for further functional identification of key allelic genes responsible for differences in Chl content.

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A rice White-stripe leaf3 (wsl3) mutant lacking an HD domain-containing protein affects chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development

Journal of Plant Biology ◽

10.1007/s12374-016-0459-8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 282-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shaolu Zhao ◽

Wuhua Long ◽

Yihua Wang ◽

Linglong Liu ◽

Yunlong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

White Stripe

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Rice TSV2 Encoding Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase is Needed for Early Chloroplast Development and Seedling Growth under Cold Stress

10.21203/rs.3.rs-64012/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dongzhi Lin ◽

Wenhao Zhou ◽

Jia Sun ◽

Yulu Wang ◽

Xiaobiao Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Trna Synthetase ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Trna Synthetases ◽

Virescent Mutant ◽

Albino Phenotype

Abstract Background The chloroplast is a vital photosynthetic organelle for plant growth and development. However, the genetic factors involved in chloroplast development and its relationship with environment factors are largely unknown. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS), one of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs), plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. To date, there are few studies for AARS function on chloroplast development and plant growth, much less ThrRS in rice. Result In this paper, we characterized a thermo-sensitive virescent mutant tsv2, which showed albino phenotype and could not survive after the 4-leaf stage when grown at 20 °C, but recovered the normal phenotype when the temperature rose. Map-based cloning and complementation tests showed that TSV2 encoded a chloroplast-located ThrRS protein in rice and the Lys-to-Arg mutation in the anticodon-binding domain affected chloroplast development under cold stress. Furthermore, the loss-of-function of the core domain in TSV2 led to seedling death regardless of temperatures. In addition, TSV2 had a tissue-specific expression, and its disruption resulted in an evidently down-regulation of certain genes associated with chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis and chloroplast development at cold stress. Conclusion The TSV2 encodes a rice threonyl-tRNA synthetase, located in chloroplasts, which is essential for cold-responsive regulation for chloroplast development and plant growth and closely related to the assembly of chloroplast ribosomes and functions at the first step of chloroplast differentiation.

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Differences in Photosynthesis of Variegated Temple Bamboo Leaves with Various Levels of Variegation are Related to Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Chloroplast Development

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs04359-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 143 (2) ◽

pp. 144-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lingyan Chen ◽

Jinli Lai ◽

Tianyou He ◽

Jundong Rong ◽

Muhammad Waqqas Khan Tarin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thylakoid Membrane ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Protoporphyrin Ix ◽

Light Response ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Leaf Color ◽

Light Response Curve ◽

Bamboo Leaves ◽

Series Of Experiments

Variegated temple bamboo (Sinobambusa tootsik f. luteoloalbostriata) is a species of ornamental bamboo (Bambusoideae) that has gained popularity because of its striped or variegated leaves. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the factors contributing to the leaf color of this species, which included the content of the photosynthetic pigments and the chlorophyll biosynthetic precursors, the photosynthetic parameters, and the microstructure and ultrastructure of the different phenotypes. Discoloration in the leaves of variegated temple bamboo plants is attributed to two possible pathways. One was a block in chlorophyll biosynthesis, which led to the failure in biosynthesis of the thylakoid membrane. The other one was a disruption in chloroplast development. The lack of thylakoid membrane may have inhibited the conversion of coproporphyrinogen III (Coprogen III) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) during the chlorophyll biosynthesis because the enzyme responsible for this conversion, protogen oxidase, is bound to the thylakoid membrane. The abnormalities in chloroplasts and a low concentration of chlorophyll in the variegated leaves led to a significantly lower photosynthetic rate than in the entirely green leaves, as demonstrated in the light-response curve.

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Chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in etiolated seedlings of Ginkgo biloba L.

Photosynthetica ◽

10.1007/s11099-009-0076-6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 510-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Pavlovic ◽

L. Slovakova ◽

V. Demko ◽

M. Durchan ◽

K. Mikulova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Etiolated Seedlings

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Plastid caseinolytic protease OsClpR1 regulates chloroplast development and chloroplast RNA editing in rice

Rice ◽

10.1186/s12284-021-00489-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xi Liu ◽

Ziyi Xu ◽

Yanrong Yang ◽

Penghui Cao ◽

Hang Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Editing ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Wild Type ◽

Yeast Two Hybrid ◽

Lethal Mutant ◽

Caseinolytic Protease ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Chloroplast Rna ◽

Two Hybrid

Abstract Background Plant plastidic caseinolytic protease (Clp) is a central part of the plastid protease network and consists of multiple subunits. The molecular functions of many Clps in plants, especially in crops, are not well known. Results In this study, we identified an albino lethal mutant al3 in rice, which produces albino leaves and dies at the seedling stage. Molecular cloning revealed that AL3 encodes a plastid caseinolytic protease, OsClpR1, homologous to Arabidopsis ClpR1 and is targeted to the chloroplast. Compared with the wild type, chloroplast structure in the al3 mutant was poorly developed. OsClpR1 was constitutively expressed in all rice tissues, especially in young leaves. The OsClpR1 mutation affected the transcript levels of chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development-related genes. The RNA editing efficiency of three chloroplast genes (rpl2, ndhB, ndhA) was remarkably reduced in al3. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we found that OsClpR1 interacted with OsClpP4, OsClpP5, OsClpP2, and OsClpS1. Conclusions Collectively, our results provide novel insights into the function of Clps in rice.

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