A sprayable Acid-Oxidizing solution containing hypochlorous acid (AOS2020) efficiently and safely inactivates SARS-Cov-2: a new potential solution for upper respiratory tract hygiene

Abstract Introduction To eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic, the transmission of the virus SARS-CoV-2 among the population needs to be blocked and/or at least reduced. Upper respiratory tract viral loads are highest in the early stages of the disease, and high loads are associated with higher mortality rates. This study aims to evaluate the virucidal efficacy of AOS2020, a novel sprayable Acid-Oxidizing solution containing pure and stable hypochlorous acid (HClO), on human coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 in vitro, and the tolerability profile on nasal and oral mucosa suggesting to be a potential solution for upper respiratory hygiene. Method Virucidal assays and intranasal and oral irritation tests were undertaken in accordance with relevant national and international guidance and methods. Results In pre-clinical tests, the AOS2020, showed > 99.8% virucidal efficacy in < 1 min against SARS-Cov-2. The safety profile testing on both the nasal and oral mucosa indicates that AOS2020 is non-irritant. Conclusion These initial results indicate that this product has the potential treatment to reduce viral load in the upper respiratory tract.

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Kinetics of BoHV-1 Dissemination in an in Vitro Culture of Bovine Upper Respiratory Tract Mucosa Explants

ILAR Journal ◽

10.1093/ilar.53.1.43 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. E43-E54 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

L. Steukers ◽

A. P. Vandekerckhove ◽

W. Van den Broeck ◽

S. Glorieux ◽

H. J. Nauwynck

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

In Vitro Culture ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Kinetics Of

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Asymptomatic COVID-19 Adult Outpatients identified as Significant Viable SARS-CoV-2 Shedders

10.21203/rs.3.rs-403751/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marie Glenet ◽

Anne-Laure Lebreil ◽

Laetitia Heng ◽

Yohan N’Guyen ◽

Ittah Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Control Measures ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Rna Detection ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Infected Adult ◽

Asymptomatic Adult ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Kinetics Of

Abstract Differential kinetics of RNA loads and infectious viral levels in the upper respiratory tract between asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected adult outpatients remain unclear limiting recommendations that may guide clinical management, infection control measures and occupational health decisions. In the present investigation, 496 (2.5%) of 17,911 French adult outpatients were positive for an upper respiratory tract SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection by a quantitative RT-PCR assay, of which 180 (36.3%) were COVID-19 asymptomatic. Of these adult asymptomatic viral shedders, 84.4% had mean to high RNA viral loads (Ct values<30) which median value was significantly higher than that observed in symptomatic subjects (P=0.029), and 50.6% were positive by cell culture assays of their upper respiratory tract specimens. Our findings indicate that COVID-19 asymptomatic adult outpatients are significant viable SARS-CoV-2 shedders in their upper respiratory tract playing a major potential role as SARS-CoV-2 transmitters in various epidemiological transmission chains, promoting COVID-19 resurgence in populations.

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A Potential Benefit of Hypochlorous Acid - Facial Sanitisation: A Review

10.20944/preprints202107.0129.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Avis Aman Nowbuth ◽

Josh Barrie Armstrong ◽

Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽

Pieter Rousseau Fourie

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Face Mask ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Inoculum Dose ◽

The Face ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Sanitisation has become a major component of everyday life, with emphasis on the hands and surfaces. The face remains unsanitised. This is due to the lack of an acceptable sanitiser. The use of masks has been implemented in order to protect the spread of the pathogens by covering the face, however there remain issues associated with the use of PPE.. The face remains a harbour for upper respiratory tract infections, with constant deposition and replication of microbes. With SARS-CoV-2 being so prominent, it was postulated that there is an inoculum dose-dependant relationship with severity. By reducing microbial load of the face, the risk of both infection and severity of infection are reduced. HOCl has proven antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity and was tested for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating a 99.99% reduction (50ppm; 1 min contact). A facial sanitiser, added to the arsenal of hand sanitisers and masks, further improves protection and prevention against SARS-CoV-2. The advantages of regular sanitising of the face and mask include a reduced level of microbial contamination, reduced risk of biofilm formation, and respiratory tract and skin infections. HOCl was reviewed as a face and face mask sanitiser, concluding that it was an ideally suited product.

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A Potential Benefit of Hypochlorous Acid - Facial Sanitisation: A Review

10.20944/preprints202107.0129.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Avis Aman Nowbuth ◽

Josh Barrie Armstrong ◽

Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽

Pieter Rousseau Fourie

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

The Face ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Sanitisation has become a major component of everyday life, with emphasis on the hands and surfaces. The face remains unsanitised due to the lack of an acceptable sanitiser. The use of masks has been mandated to reduce the spread of the pathogens by covering the face, however, there remain issues with the use of personal protective equipment. The face remains a harbour for upper respiratory tract infections, with constant deposition of microbes. By reducing microbial load, the risk of both infection and severity are reduced. HOCl has proven antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, including efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. A facial sanitiser, alongside hand sanitisers and masks, improves protection against SARS-CoV-2. The advantages of regular sanitising of the face and mask include reduced level of microbial contamination, risk of biofilm formation, and respiratory tract and skin infections. HOCl was reviewed as a face and mask sanitiser, concluding that it was an ideal product.

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Reduced Pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Hamsters

10.1101/2022.01.02.474743 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Katherine McMahan ◽

Victoria Giffin ◽

Lisa Tostanoski ◽

Benjamin Chung ◽

Mazuba Siamatu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lung Parenchyma ◽

Clinical Disease ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Syrian Golden Hamsters ◽

The World ◽

Pulmonary Pathology ◽

Upper Respiratory

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has proven highly transmissible and has outcompeted the Delta variant in many regions of the world. Early reports have also suggested that Omicron may result in less severe clinical disease in humans. Here we show that Omicron is less pathogenic than prior SARS-CoV-2 variants in Syrian golden hamsters. Infection of hamsters with the SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020, Alpha, Beta, or Delta strains led to 4-10% weight loss by day 4 and 10-17% weight loss by day 6, as expected. In contrast, infection of hamsters with two different Omicron challenge stocks did not result in any detectable weight loss, even at high challenge doses. Omicron infection still led to substantial viral replication in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and pulmonary pathology, but with a trend towards higher viral loads in nasal turbinates and lower viral loads in lung parenchyma compared with WA1/2020 infection. These data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant may result in more robust upper respiratory tract infection but less severe lower respiratory tract clinical disease compared with prior SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Case Report: Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in the Presence of High Levels of Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Antibody Responses

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.704719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Bianca Schulte ◽

Benjamin Marx ◽

Marek Korencak ◽

Dorian Emmert ◽

Souhaib Aldabbagh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Household Members ◽

Upper Respiratory

We present a case of SARS-CoV-2 B.1. 525 infection in a healthcare worker despite the presence of highly neutralizing, multivariant-specific antibodies 7 weeks after full vaccination with the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2. We show that the virus replicated to high levels in the upper respiratory tract over the course of several days in the presence of strong antibody responses. The virus was readily propagatable in vitro, demonstrating the potential to transmit to others, bolstered by the fact that several household members were equally infected. This highlights the importance of protective measures even in vaccinated individuals.

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A Potential Benefit of Hypochlorous Acid - Facial Sanitisation

10.20944/preprints202107.0129.v3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Avis Aman Nowbuth ◽

Josh Barrie Armstrong ◽

Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽

Pieter Rousseau Fourie

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

The Face ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

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Induction of interferon response by high viral loads at early stage infection may protect against severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95197-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eric C. Rouchka ◽

Julia H. Chariker ◽

Brian Alejandro ◽

Robert S. Adcock ◽

Richa Singhal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Viral Load ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Interferon Response ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Antiviral Responses ◽

Upper Respiratory

AbstractKey elements for viral pathogenesis include viral strains, viral load, co-infection, and host responses. Several studies analyzing these factors in the function of disease severity of have been published; however, no studies have shown how all of these factors interplay within a defined cohort. To address this important question, we sought to understand how these four key components interplay in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. We determined the viral loads and gene expression using high throughput sequencing and various virological methods. We found that viral loads in the upper respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients at an early phase of infection vary widely. While the majority of nasopharyngeal (NP) samples have a viral load lower than the limit of detection of infectious viruses, there are samples with an extraordinary amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a high viral titer. No specific viral factors were identified that are associated with high viral loads. Host gene expression analysis showed that viral loads were strongly correlated with cellular antiviral responses. Interestingly, however, COVID-19 patients who experience mild symptoms have a higher viral load than those with severe complications, indicating that naso-pharyngeal viral load may not be a key factor of the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. The metagenomics analysis revealed that the microflora in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients with high viral loads were dominated by SARS-CoV-2, with a high degree of dysbiosis. Finally, we found a strong inverse correlation between upregulation of interferon responses and disease severity. Overall our study suggests that a high viral load in the upper respiratory tract may not be a critical factor for severe symptoms; rather, dampened antiviral responses may be a critical factor for a severe outcome from the infection.

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Antiviral Properties of Food Plants Could Help to Reduce Contagion and Severity in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Current Traditional Medicine ◽

10.2174/2215083807666210917144039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 07 ◽

Author(s):

Betina Cardoso

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Literature Search ◽

Food Plants ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Site Specific ◽

In Vivo Experiments ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Introduction: The importance of an immediate tool to help patients and prevent viral diffusion of new pneumonia caused by 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) that causes the disease COVID-19 becomes evident. Recent articles have reported on body site-specific SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing very active replication in the throat and upper respiratory tract when symptoms were still mild, and thus being efficient in viral transmission in sputum. Material and Methods: An alternative that may be feasible is to resort to scientific studies that demonstrate the antiviral potential of medicinal plants species through in-vitro and in-vivo experiments to alleviate symptoms and prevent the spread of contagion. A literature search in Scopus and PubMed on herbs and foods with antiviral properties was performed. Results: Herbs and foods with demonstrated antiviral potential have been identified, which could limit SARS-CoV-2 spreading by interfering on ACE2 protein on infection sites. The analysis of transdisciplinary knowledge allows us to connect previous research on the action of common plants and foods on viruses to limit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the throat and upper respiratory tract. Conclusions: Herbs and foods with demonstrated antiviral potential have been identified, which could limit SARS-CoV-2 spreading by interfering on ACE2 protein on infection sites. The analysis of transdisciplinary knowledge allows us to connect previous research on the action of common plants and foods on viruses to limit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the throat and upper respiratory tract.

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Antibiotic Resistance: Relationship to Persistence of Group A Streptococci in the Upper Respiratory Tract

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.97.6.971 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 97 (6) ◽

pp. 971-975

Author(s):

Michael A. Gerber

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Erythromycin Resistance ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Group A ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Upper Respiratory

Despite the use of penicillin for more than 40 years in treating GABHS infections, there has been no significant change in the in vitro susceptibility of GABHS to penicillin. Reported failures to eradicate GABHS from the upper respiratory tracts of patients with pharyngitis and the apparent resurgence of serious Group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae probably are not related to the emergence of penicillin resistance. Although erythromycin resistance in GABHS had been a major problem in Japan and continues to be a major problem in Finland, it has not been a problem in this country. The susceptibility of GABHS to the newer macrolide antibiotics appears to be similar to that of erythromycin. Comprehensive, community-wide programs to continuously monitor for erythromycin resistance in GABHS would be difficult to justify. However, because little is known about how erythromycin resistance in GABHS is acquired or spread, it would be reasonable to periodically monitor isolates of GABHS for erythromycin resistance. A substantial proportion of GABHS are currently resistant to tetracyclines and these agents are inappropriate for treating GABHS infections. Although little recent information is available about the susceptibility of GABHS to sulfonamides, these agents have been shown to be ineffective in eradicating GABHS from the upper respiratory tract regardless of the in vitro sensitivities. GABHS have not been shown to be resistant to any of the commonly used oral cephalosporins; however, there is a great deal of variability among these agents in their activity against GABHS. Clindamycin resistance in GABHS has remained unusual. This agent is an alternative for treating GABHS infections due to macrolide-resistant strains in patients who cannot be treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. There is no reason, based on the in vitro susceptibilities of GABHS, to change the current recommendations for treating GABHS infections with penicillin and for using erythromycin for patients who are allergic to penicillin.

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