scholarly journals The brightness dimension as a marker of gender across cultures and age

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 2375-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Sebastián-Enesco ◽  
Gün R. Semin
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Target Person ◽  
Gender Category ◽  
Female Target ◽  
Cultural Communities ◽  
Male Skin ◽  
Adaptive Pattern

Abstract Universally, female skin color is lighter than male skin color, irrespective of geographical location. This difference is a distinctive and universal adaptive pattern that emerges after puberty. We address whether this sexual dimorphism is cognitively and culturally represented to ground gender. To this end, we examine a non-Western, non-industrialized population, namely the Wichí (Salta, Argentina) and a Western industrialized population (Spain). The two cultural populations included both adults and prepubescent children. Across two experiments, we utilized a novel task with children and adults who had to make a choice for a female (male) target person between two identical objects that differed only in terms of their brightness. The results in both experiments revealed that the children from the two cultural communities choose a lighter colored object for the female target and a darker version of the same object for the male target. This pattern held across cultures irrespective of the age of participants, except for the male Wichí participants. We discuss how sexual dimorphism in skin color contributes to a universal grounding of the gender category, and advance possible explanations as to why Wichi males did not consistently link gender and brightness.

scholarly journals African Skin: Different Types, Needs and Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Olumayowa Abimbola Oninla ◽  
Samuel Olorunyomi Oninla ◽  
Bolaji Ibiesa Otike-Odibi ◽  
Mufutau Muphy Oripelaye ◽  
Fatai Olatunde Olanrewaju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Skin Care ◽  
Skin Type ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Right

Microscopic structures in the skin are basically the same in all races. Differences are found in histology and physiology of the skin resulting in different skin types, needs and prevailing skin diseases. Skin pigmentation (with the photo-protective properties), and the barrier function of the stratum corneum are the main differences between African and Caucasian skin. The geographic distribution of UV radiation (UVR) has a positive correlation with geographical location. The darker-skinned populations are closer to the equator where there are high amounts of UVR especially in the tropical regions of the world. African skin has the greatest variability in skin color. Africa has both white and dark skinned individuals with the darker-skinned populations being mostly around the equator.          Leslie Baumann introduced four parameters that more accurately characterized skin types than previous classification of dry, oily, normal and combination skin. These are dry or oily – D/O; sensitive or resistant – S/R; pigmented or non-pigmented – P/N, and wrinkled or unwrinkled skin – W/T. Combinations of these further produced sixteen skin phenotypes.  Dark skinned individuals often have the PT types while the light skinned mostly have the NW types. Skin needs basically depends on the type. Identifying the skin type is fundamental to providing the right skin care. According to Baumann, the fundamental elements of skin care are mild cleansing, hydrating (moisturization with humectants and emollients), replenishing (with lipids, ceramides and fatty acids) and skin protection (UV protection and increased humidity). Skin diseases are associated with skin type. Eczema is more typical in people with DS combinations while acne is associated with OS skin type (especially OSNT and OSPT). Prevalence of skin diseases varies within African communities from 35% to 87% with skin infections affecting 22-46% and eczemas 13-21% of patients in various studies.

Morphological diversity of wild rabbit populations: implications for archaeology and palaeontology

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
European Rabbit ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Hunting Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

Abstract Morphometric characteristics of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are regularly used in archaeological and palaeontological studies to explore aspects of prehistoric human hunting behaviour, to reconstruct past environments or to define new species. However, the variability of these characteristics is still both poorly understood and under-documented due to a lack of population-level data that are essential for reliably interpreting the fossil record of this species. Here we address the morphometric diversity of wild rabbits in seven current populations from south-western Europe. Size variations in different skeletal parts were analysed to explore the potential impact of sexual dimorphism. A geometric morphometric analysis of the third lower premolar (p3) – a tooth commonly used to distinguish leporid species – was used to evaluate the relative effects of size, phylogeny, geographical location and climate on shape variation. The results show a negligible impact of sexual dimorphism, contradicting previous studies. We also demonstrate geography and climate to be the main factors driving variation in p3 shape, potentially calling into question criteria typically used to identify rabbit species. These results are valuable not only for palaeobiologists studying the taxonomy and the evolutionary history of the leporid family but also for archaeologists interested in the socio-economic and behavioural aspects of Palaeolithic human groups.

Self-Narcissism and Interpersonal Attraction to Narcissistic others

1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Carroll ◽  
Natalia Hoenigmann-Stovall ◽  
George I. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Attraction ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Target Person ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Male Role ◽  
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory ◽  
Female Target ◽  
Career Preferences

In the first of a two-part study, 172 participants completed a questionnaire on personality and career preferences. Items from the Narcissism Scale of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory were embedded in this questionnaire as well as a series of bogus items. In the second session conducted three weeks later, participants watched a videotaped dramatization of either a male or female enacting a narcissistic role and completed a modified version of the First Impressions Questionnaire and an item assessing mood. The narcissism scores of participants obtained during Part 1 were paired with their respective ratings of the target person on the modified-First Impressions Questionnaire and mood. Contrary to predictions participants' scores on narcissism did not affect their first impressions of persons enacting a narcissistic role. Participants who viewed the male role player rated him as less attractive than those who watched the female, while participants who watched the female target reported greater negative mood scores than those who watched the male target

THE EFFECTS OF GENDER AND DRINKING EXPERIENCE ON ALCOHOL EXPECTANCIES ABOUT SELF AND MALE VERSUS FEMALE OTHER

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. George ◽  
Mary P. McAfee
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Expectancies ◽  
Target Person ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Social Drinking ◽  
Alcohol Dose ◽  
Female Target ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Questionnaire Studies ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

Two questionnaire studies evaluated the effects of gender and drinking experience on dose-related alcohol expectancies. In Study 1, the Southwick et al. (1981) expectancy measure was administered to 173 students and no gender differences were found. Consistent with earlier work, increased drinking experience was associated with expectation of more stimulation and pleasure from a moderate alcohol dose. A moderate dose was associated with expectation of more stimulation, more pleasure, and less impairment than a high dose. In Study 2 (n = 174). the instrument was modified to assess alcohol expectancies about a male or female target person. Expectancies about alcohol's effect on the target were determined by both gender of subject and gender of target. Female subjects expected alcohol to produce more stimulation and pleasure for the target person than male subjects expected. The female target was viewed by all subjects as experiencing less stimulation. Male and female subjects disagreed in their perceptions of how much pleasure the female target derives from drinking. As with self expectancies, subjects perceived that alcohol has biphasic effects on others. Implications for social drinking interactions are discussed.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism of mandibular measures from computed tomographies

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Taqueo Placeres ISHIGAME ◽  
Alicia PICAPEDRA ◽  
Carlos SASSI ◽  
Viviane ULBRICHT ◽  
Vanessa Gallego Arias PECORARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
T Test ◽  
Area Measure ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
Color Phenotype

ABSTRACT Objetive: The objective of this study was to analyze mandibular measurements obtained from 225 computed tomography scans of the Osteological and CT Biobanks of Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba Universidade Estadual de Campinas, aiming to verify the existence of a relationship between these measures and sexual dimorphism and ancestry. Methods: We sought to establish a mathematical model capable of estimating sex and ancestry. Of these scans, 126 were male, 94 were female and 5 were unidentified, aged 15 to 100 years, and ancestry known for the skin color phenotype (white, black, brown and yellow). Measurements were made between the following points: right lateral condylion and left lateral condylion; right lateral condylion and pogonion; left lateral condylion and pogonion; mesial border of right mental foramen and mesial border of left mental foramen. The area delimited by the triangle formed by the measurements between right lateral condylion and left lateral condylion was also analyzed; right lateral condylion and pogonion; and left lateral condylion and pogonion. Student t test for homogeneous variances showed that there was statistical difference in the means as a function of sex, except for the area measure, which was not used in the model. Results: It was possible to establish a mathematical model with accuracy of 69.2%. There was no statistical difference in the averages as a function of ancestry. Conclusion: It is concluded that the measures investigated help in the process of estimating sex, but were not adequate to estimate ancestry. The proposed methodology should be expanded to other population groups so that it can be improved.

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