Static and dynamic standing balance: test-retest reliability and reference values in 9 to 10 year old children

Several dexterity tests have been developed, including the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test (MRMT) and a new version, the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT). The objectives of the study were: a) to verify the test-retest reliability of the MMDT; b) to compare the MRMT and the MMDT; c) to study the concurrent validity of the MMDT; and d) to establish reference values for elderly people with the MMDT. Two hundred and forty-seven community-living healthy elderly were evaluated with the MMDT, and two other dexterity tests, the Box and Block Test (BBT) and the Purdue Pegboard (PP). Thirty-five of them were evaluated twice with the MMDT and 44 were evaluated with both the MMDT and MRMT. The results show that the test-retest reliability of the MMDT is acceptable to high (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.79 to 0.87, depending on the subtest) and the validity of the test is demonstrated by significant correlations between the MMDT, the BBT and the PP (0.63 to 0.67). There is a high correlation (0.85 to 0.95) between the MMDT and the MMRT in spite of different results. The reference values will help occupational therapists to differentiate better between real dexterity difficulties and those that may be attributed to normal aging.

Download Full-text

AB1284-HPR RELIABILITY OF STEP TEST IN SUBJECTS WITH TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4853 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1932.1-1933

Author(s):

M. Eymir ◽

E. Yuksel ◽

B. Unver ◽

K. Sevik ◽

V. Karatosun

Keyword(s):

Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽

Motor Control ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Knee Arthroplasty ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Standing Balance ◽

Step Test ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Total Knee ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background:Patients with TKA show impairments in standing balance up to 1 year after surgery. The impaired standing balance in TKA patients was found to be associated with falls risk and decreased functional level. Assessing of standing balance with objective and reliable assessments tools would therefore be extremely useful for determining accurate exercise program, and risks of falling, especially during the rehabilitative period when ambulation is at its most unsteady (1, 2). The stepping maneuver requires adequate strength and motor control to stabilize the body over the stance limb while the other leg is stepping, therefore the Step Test (ST) provides significant information for dynamic standing balance and lower limb motor control (3). The reliability of ST is reported in patient groups such as stroke, however, there is not any study that investigates the reliability of ST in patients with TKA in the current literature.Objectives:The purposes of this study were to determine the test-retest reliability and the minimal detectable change (MDC) of the ST in patients with TKA.Methods:40 patients with TKA due to knee osteoarthritis, operated by the same surgeon, were included in this study. Patients performed trials for ST twice on the same day. Between the first and second trials, patients waited for an hour on sitting position to prevent fatigue. The ST assesses an individual’s ability to place one foot onto a 7.5-cm-high step and then back down to the floor repeatedly as fast as possible for 15 seconds. The score is the number of steps completed in the 15-second period for each lower extremity. Scores for each lower extremity were recorded separately. Prior to the testing, the ST was demonstrated by the tester and all participants were allowed to a practice trial.Results:The ST showed an excellent test-retest reliability (ICC2,1=0.95) in this study. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and MDC95for ST were 0.37 and 1.02, respectively.Conclusion:This study found that the ST has an excellent test–retest reliability in patients with TKA. It is an effective and reliable tool for measuring dynamic standing balance and participant falls. As a performance-based clinical test, the ST is easy to score, can be applied in a short time as part of the routine medical examination. Therefore, inclusion of ST into a more comprehensive battery of performance-based measures of standing balance and lower limb motor control function in subjects with TKA should be considered.References:[1]Si, H. B., Zeng, Y., Zhong, J., et al. (2017). The effect of primary total knee arthroplasty on the incidence of falls and balance-related functions in patients with osteoarthritis. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-9.[2]Moutzouri, M., Gleeson, N., Billis, E., et al. (2017). The effect of total knee arthroplasty on patients’ balance and incidence of falls: a systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 25(11), 3439-3451.[3]Hill, K. D., Bernhardt, J., McGann, A. M., et al. (1996). A new test of dynamic standing balance for stroke patients: reliability, validity and comparison with healthy elderly. Physiotherapy Canada, 48(4), 257-262.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Download Full-text

Inter-rater And Test-retest Reliability Of The Y-balance Test In Healthy Women 50-80 Years Old

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000516953.07495.37 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (5S) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Jacob Shepherd ◽

Autumn Oostindie ◽

Jared Locke ◽

Srikant Vallabhajosula ◽

Deborah Stetts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Balance Test ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Download Full-text

Three-Month Test-Retest Reliability of Center of Pressure Motion During Standing Balance in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

International Journal of MS Care ◽

10.7224/1537-2073.2014-014 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Douglas A. Wajda ◽

Robert W. Motl ◽

Jacob J. Sosnoff

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Standing Balance ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Download Full-text

Pilot study of a new concussion assessment tool using computerized cognitive testing and instrumented balance: Test-retest reliability

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research ◽

10.15761/pmrr.1000155 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Neville C ◽

Rieger B ◽

Viterise T ◽

Brindle A

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Cognitive Testing ◽

Balance Test ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Download Full-text

Hip- and Thigh-Muscle Activation During the Star Excursion Balance Test

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.20.4.428 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 428-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Beth Norris ◽

Elaine Trudelle-Jackson

Keyword(s):

Outcome Measures ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Neuromuscular Control ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Thigh Muscle ◽

Balance Test ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Star Excursion Balance Test ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Context:The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is often used to train and assess dynamic balance and neuromuscular control. Few studies have examined hip- and thigh-muscle activation during the SEBT.Objective:To quantify hip- and thigh-muscle activity during the SEBT.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:22 healthy individuals, 11 men and 11 women.Methods:EMG measurements were taken as participants completed 3 trials of the anterior (A), medial (M), and posteromedial (PM) reach directions of the SEBT.Main Outcome Measures:Mean EMG data (% maximal voluntary isometric contraction) from the gluteus medius (Gmed), gluteus maximus (Gmax), and vastus medialis (VM) were measured during the eccentric phase of each SEBT reach direction. Test–retest reliability of EMG data across the 3 trials in each direction was calculated. EMG data from each muscle were compared across the 3 reach directions.Results:Test–retest reliability ranged from ICC3,1 values of .91 to .99. A 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between muscle activation and reach direction. One-way ANOVAs showed no difference in GMed activity between the A and M directions. GMed activity in the A and M directions was greater than in the PM direction. There was no difference in GMax and VM activity across the 3 directions.Conclusion:GMed was recruited most effectively when reaching was performed in the A and M directions. The A, M, and PM directions elicited similar patterns of muscle recruitment for the GMax and VM. During all 3 SEBT directions, VM activation exceeded the 40–60% threshold suggested for strengthening effects. GMed activity also exceeded the threshold in the M direction. GMax activation, however, was below the 40% threshold for all 3 reach directions, suggesting that performing dynamic lower extremity reaching in the A, M, and PM directions may not elicit strengthening effects for the GMax.

Download Full-text

Test-Retest Reliability of the Star Excursion Balance Test in Primary School Children

The Physician and Sportsmedicine ◽

10.3810/psm.2014.11.2098 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 120-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Joaquin Calatayud ◽

Sebastien Borreani ◽

Juan Carlos Colado ◽

Fernando Martin ◽

Jorge Flandez

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Balance Test ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Star Excursion Balance Test ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Download Full-text

Three-Month Test-Retest Reliability of Center of Pressure Motion During Standing Balance in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

International Journal of MS Care ◽

10.7224/1537-2073.2015-014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 59-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Douglas A. Wajda ◽

Robert W. Motl ◽

Jacob J. Sosnoff

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Temporal Structure ◽

Standing Balance ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Prevention Studies ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Balance Deficits ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background: Balance impairment and an increased rate of falls are commonly reported in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Force platform–generated center of pressure (COP) metrics have previously been recommended as an outcome measure to quantify balance deficits and distinguish between fallers and nonfallers in MS. Information is limited regarding the preservation of postural control in individuals with MS over extended time frames in the absence of an intervention. This report examines the test-retest reliability and magnitude of change of COP motion during standing balance over 3 months. Methods: Twenty individuals with MS and a history of falling underwent testing on two occasions 3 months apart in the absence of an intervention. On both occasions, participants completed two 30-second trials of three conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and eyes open with concurrent cognitive challenge (dual task). Measures of COP area, velocity, and temporal structure were calculated and included in the reliability analysis. Results: The COP metrics displayed fair-to-excellent reliability over 3 months without an intervention. Reliability was maintained across the three commonly used balance conditions. Conclusions: These results offer insight into the reliability of COP measures over a 3-month period in MS and can inform the use of COP metrics for future study design (eg, sample size estimates) and balance outcome assessment during randomized controlled trials and fall-prevention studies in individuals with MS.

Download Full-text

Standing balance assessment using a head-mounted wearable device

10.1101/149831 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Joseph P. Salisbury ◽

Neha U. Keshav ◽

Anthony D. Sossong ◽

Ned T. Sahin

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Standing Balance ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Balance Assessment ◽

Google Glass ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽

Test Retest Reliability

AbstractBackground: The presence of accelerometers in smartphones has enabled low-cost balance assessment. Smartglasses, which contain an accelerometer similar to that of smartphones, could provide a safe and engaging platform for virtual and augmented reality balance rehabilitation; however, the validity of head-mounted measurement of balance using smartglasses has not been investigated.Objective: To perform preliminary validation of a smartglasses-based balance accelerometry measure (BAM) compared with previously validated waist-based BAM.Methods: 42 healthy individuals (26 male, 16 female; mean age ± SD = 23.8 ± 5.2 years) participated in the study. Following the BAM protocol, each subject performed two trials of six balance stances while accelerometer and gyroscope data were recorded from smartglasses (Google Glass). Test-retest reliability and correlation were determined relative to waist-based BAM as used in the NIH Standing Balance Toolbox.Results: Balance measurements obtained using a head-mounted wearable were highly correlated with those obtained through a waist-mounted accelerometer (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.85). Test-retest reliability was high (ICC = 0.85, 95% CI 0.81-0.88), and in good agreement with waist balance measurements (ICC = 0.84, 95% CI 0.80-0.88). Taking into account the total NPL magnitude improved inter-device correlation (0.90) while maintaining test-retest reliability (0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.90). All subjects successfully completed the study, demonstrating the feasibility of using a head-mounted wearable to assess balance in a healthy population.Conclusion: Balance measurements derived from the smartglasses-based accelerometer were consistent with those obtained using a waist-mounted accelerometer. Given this and the potential for smartglasses in vestibular rehabilitation, the continued development and validation of balance assessment measurements obtained via smartglasses is warranted. This research was funded in part by Department of Defense/Defense Health Program (#W81XWH-14-C-0007, SBIR Phase II contract awarded to TIAX, LLC).

Download Full-text

Multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography-based tomoelastography of the parotid glands–feasibility and reference values

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology ◽

10.1259/dmfr.20210337 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20210337

Author(s):

Fabian Henry Jürgen Elsholtz ◽

Rolf Reiter ◽

Stephan Rodrigo Marticorena Garcia ◽

Jürgen Braun ◽

Ingolf Sack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Reference Values ◽

Viscoelastic Properties ◽

Biological Tissues ◽

Magnetic Resonance Elastography ◽

Parotid Glands ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Shear Wave Speed ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Healthy Participants

Objectives: Accurate radiological differentiation of parotid tumors remains challenging despite recent technical advances in quantitative medical imaging. Multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) could provide additional information on viscoelastic properties of normal and abnormal biological tissues. This study investigates the feasibility of MRE of the parotid glands in healthy participants and provides first reference values. Methods: 20 healthy participants underwent multifrequency MRE of both parotid glands at 3 Tesla. Shear waves at frequencies of 25, 30, 40, and 50 Hz were introduced into the participants' heads through the occiput using pressurized-air actuators. Shear wave speed (SWS) and loss angle of the shear modulus (φ) were reconstructed by tomoelastography post-processing as surrogate parameters for tissue stiffness and viscosity or fluidity. 10 participants underwent repeated MRE to determine test–retest reliability based on intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: All MRE datasets acquired could be included in the analysis. Mean SWS was 0.97 ± 0.13 m/s, and mean φ was 0.59 ± 0.05 rad, each for both sides combined and without notable lateral difference (p = 0.88/0.87). Test–retest reliability was good for SWS (ICC = 0.84 for both sides/ICC = 0.77 for the right side/ICC = 0.79 for the left side) and good to excellent for φ(ICC = 0.94/0.86/0.90). Conclusions: Multifrequency MRE of the parotid glands is feasible and reliable. This technique, therefore, is a promising method for investigating the viscoelastic properties of salivary gland tumors in future studies.

Download Full-text