scholarly journals Reproductive ecology of a parasitic plant differs by host species: vector interactions and the maintenance of host races

Oecologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey M. Yule ◽  
Judith L. Bronstein
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Reproductive Ecology ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Species Vector

scholarly journals The effect of multiple host species on a keystone parasitic plant and its aphid herbivores

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Rowntree ◽  
David Fisher Barham ◽  
Alan J. A. Stewart ◽  
Sue E. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Parasitic Plant

scholarly journals Comparative study of some physicochemical and biological properties of effect host species variation on the relationship Saharan parasitic plant Cistanche violaceae (Desf.) Beck.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 11054
Author(s):  
Fatma ALIA ◽  
Atef CHOUIKH ◽  
Ali Boutlelis DJAHRA ◽  
Aida BOUSBIA BRAHIM ◽  
Sadok NANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Physicochemical And Biological Properties

This work aims to study the effect of different host species on physicochemical and biological properties of the Saharan parasitic plant Cistanche violacea that grows parasitized on two hosts Haloxylon articulatum and a Limonistrum guyonianum in the eastern desert of Algeria. The physicochemical characteristics of C. violcea showed an affinity for the results of both ash and pH and it showed a difference in the amount content of carbohydrates and the value of electrical conductivity. For the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins the highest values were recorded in C. violcea, which was parasitized on H. articulatum. While, the results of HPLC have identified nine compounds in the crude extracts of the parasitic plants and their hosts in different concentrations. In antioxidant activity, the tannin and anthocyanin extracts from C. violcea parasitized on H. articulatum showed better inhibition of DPPH• radical and best the total antioxidant capacity respectively, but the tannins extract of C. violcea parasitized on L. guyonianum given best reducing power capacity. In SPF assay by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method, all extracts of the parasitic plants showed mild to moderate sun protection. Statically the host variation did not show any significant differences in the physicochemical analysis and the quantitative and qualitative total content of polyphenols. While the significant differences appeared through the antioxidant activity tests, especially between C. violcea and its host H. articulatum, between C. violacea and its host H. articulatum and between the two samples of parasitic plants.

scholarly journals Does coevolution with a shared parasite drive hosts to partition their defences among species?

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1854) ◽  
pp. 20170272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Caves ◽  
Martin Stevens ◽  
Claire N. Spottiswoode
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Brood Parasitism ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Local Host ◽  
Egg Colour ◽  
Better Than

When mimicry imposes costs on models, selection may drive the model's phenotype to evolve away from its mimic. For example, brood parasitism often drives hosts to diversify in egg appearance among females within a species, making mimetic parasitic eggs easier to detect. However, when a single parasite species exploits multiple host species, parasitism could also drive host egg evolution away from other co-occurring hosts, to escape susceptibility to their respective mimics. This hypothesis predicts that sympatric hosts of the same parasite should partition egg phenotypic space (defined by egg colour, luminance and pattern) among species to avoid one another. We show that eggs of warbler species parasitized by the cuckoo finch Anomalospiza imberbis in Zambia partition phenotypic space much more distinctly than do eggs of sympatric but unparasitized warblers. Correspondingly, cuckoo finch host-races better match their own specialist host than other local host species. In the weaver family, parasitized by the diederik cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius , by contrast, parasitized species were more closely related and overlapped extensively in phenotypic space; correspondingly, cuckoos did not match their own host better than others. These results suggest that coevolutionary arms races between hosts and parasites may be shaped by the wider community context in which they unfold.

scholarly journals Genetic variation changes the interactions between the parasitic plant-ecosystem engineer Rhinanthus and its hosts

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1569) ◽  
pp. 1380-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Rowntree ◽  
Duncan D. Cameron ◽  
Richard F. Preziosi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Ecosystem Engineer ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Essential Components

Within-species genetic variation is a potent factor influencing between-species interactions and community-level structure. Species of the hemi-parasitic plant genus Rhinanthus act as ecosystem engineers, significantly altering above- and below-ground community structure in grasslands. Here, we show the importance of genotypic variation within a single host species (barley— Hordeum vulgare ), and population-level variation among two species of parasite ( Rhinanthus minor and Rhinanthus angustifolius ) on the outcome of parasite infection for both partners. We measured host fitness (number of seeds) and calculated parasite virulence as the difference in seed set between infected and uninfected hosts (the inverse of host tolerance). Virulence was determined by genetic variation within the host species and among the parasite species, but R. angustifolius was consistently more virulent than R. minor . The most tolerant host had the lowest inherent fitness and did not gain a fitness advantage over other infected hosts. We measured parasite size as a proxy for transmission ability (ability to infect further hosts) and host resistance. Parasite size depended on the specific combination of host genotype, parasite species and parasite population, and no species was consistently larger. We demonstrate that the outcome of infection by Rhinanthus depends not only on the host species, but also on the underlying genetics of both host and parasite. Thus, genetic variations within host and parasite are probably essential components of the ecosystem-altering effects of Rhinanthus .

scholarly journals Genetic differentiation among sympatric cuckoo host races: males matter

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1712) ◽  
pp. 1639-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Fossøy ◽  
Anton Antonov ◽  
Arne Moksnes ◽  
Eivin Røskaft ◽  
Johan R. Vikan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Significant Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Female Specific

Generalist parasites regularly evolve host-specific races that each specialize on one particular host species. Many host-specific races originate from geographically structured populations where local adaptations to different host species drive the differentiation of distinct races. However, in sympatric populations where several host races coexist, gene flow could potentially disrupt such host-specific adaptations. Here, we analyse genetic differentiation among three sympatrically breeding host races of the brood-parasitic common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus . In this species, host-specific adaptations are assumed to be controlled by females only, possibly via the female-specific W-chromosome, thereby avoiding that gene flow via males disrupts local adaptations. Although males were more likely to have offspring in two different host species (43% versus 7%), they did not have significantly more descendants being raised outside their putative foster species than females (9% versus 2%). We found significant genetic differentiation for both biparentally inherited microsatellite DNA markers and maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA markers. To our knowledge, this is the first study that finds significant genetic differentiation in biparentally inherited markers among cuckoo host-specific races. Our results imply that males also may contribute to the evolution and maintenance of the different races, and hence that the genes responsible for egg phenotype may be found on autosomal chromosomes rather than the female-specific W-chromosome as previously assumed.

The effect of host defoliation on hemiparasitic-host interactions between Rhinanthus serotinus and two Poa species

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Puustinen ◽  
Veikko Salonen
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Root Hemiparasite ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Grass Hosts ◽  
Host Parasite

We determined in a greenhouse experiment whether experimental defoliation of the host affects the performance of the parasitic plant and whether the effects on the success of the parasite depend on the host species. We also asked whether two species of grass hosts differ in response to simultaneous defoliation and hemiparasitic infection. The experiment had a complete 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design, with host species (Poa annua L. or Poa pratensis L.) combined with defoliation (undefoliated, 50% defoliated, or 100% defoliated) and hemiparasitic infection (parasitized or unparasitized). Defoliation reduced the final biomass of both host species. However, total biomass and the number of flowers produced by the hemiparasitic Rhinanthus serotinus (Schönh.) Oborny was reduced only when the host was P. annua and when the host was completely defoliated. Rhinanthus infection significantly decreased the final biomass of both host species. However, the two hosts differed in their responses: the biomass of undefoliated P. annua plants was reduced four times more than that of undefoliated P. pratensis plants. The results indicate that the relative value of different host species depends on the intensity of defoliation.Key words: root hemiparasite, host defoliation, host-parasite interaction, Poa annua, Poa pratensis, Rhinanthus serotinus.

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