Spatial and temporal patterns of the mean annual precipitation at decadal time scale in southern Italy (Calabria region)

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Buttafuoco ◽  
Tommaso Caloiero ◽  
Roberto Coscarelli
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Decadal Time Scale ◽  
Calabria Region ◽  
The Mean

Net Primary Production in the Shortgrass Steppe

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. Lauenroth ◽  
Daniel G. Milchunas
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Shortgrass Steppe ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Net primary production (NPP), the amount of carbon or energy fixed by green plants in excess of their respiratory needs, is the fundamental quantity upon which all heterotrophs and the ecosystem processes they are associated with depend. Understanding NPP is therefore a prerequisite to understanding ecosystem dynamics. Our objectives for this chapter are to describe the current state of our knowledge about the temporal and spatial patterns of NPP in the shortgrass steppe, to evaluate the important variables that control NPP, and to discuss the future of NPP in the shortgrass steppe given current hypotheses about global change. Most of the data available for NPP in the shortgrass steppe are for aboveground net primary production (ANPP), so most of our presentation will focus on ANPP and we will deal with belowground net primary production (BNPP) as a separate topic. Furthermore, our treatment of NPP in this chapter will ignore the effects of herbivory, which will be covered in detail in chapter 16. Our approach will be to start with a regional-scale view of ANPP in shortgrass ecosystems and work toward a site-scale view. We will begin by briefly placing ANPP in the shortgrass steppe in its larger context of the central North American grassland region. We will then describe the regional-scale patterns and controls on ANPP, and then move to the site-scale patterns and controls on ANPP. At the site scale, we will describe both temporal and spatial dynamics, and controls on ANPP as well as BNPP. We will then discuss relationships between spatial and temporal patterns in ANPP and end the chapter with a short, speculative section on how future global change may influence NPP in the shortgrass steppe. Temperate grasslands in central North America are found over a range of mean annual precipitation from 200 to 1200 mm.y–1 and mean annual temperatures from 0 to 20 oC (Lauenroth et al., 1999). The widely cited relationship between mean annual precipitation and average annual ANPP allows us to convert the precipitation gradient into a production gradient (Lauenroth, 1979; Lauenroth et al., 1999; Noy-Meir, 1973; Rutherford, 1980; Sala et al., 1988b).

scholarly journals Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for estimating the precipitation distribution in Portugal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Antal ◽  
Pedro M. P. Guerreiro ◽  
Sorin Cheval
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Polynomial Interpolation ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Distribution ◽  
Interpolation Methods ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spatial Interpolation Methods

Abstract Precipitation has a strong and constant impact on different economic sectors, environment, and social activities all over the world. An increasing interest for monitoring and estimating the precipitation characteristics can be claimed in the last decades. However, in some areas the ground-based network is still sparse and the spatial data coverage insufficiently addresses the needs. In the last decades, different interpolation methods provide an efficient response for describing the spatial distribution of precipitation. In this study, we compare the performance of seven interpolation methods used for retrieving the mean annual precipitation over the mainland Portugal, as follows: local polynomial interpolation (LPI), global polynomial interpolation (GPI), radial basis function (RBF), inverse distance weighted (IDW), ordinary cokriging (OCK), universal cokriging (UCK) and empirical Bayesian kriging regression (EBKR). We generate the mean annual precipitation distribution using data from 128 rain gauge stations covering the period 1991 to 2000. The interpolation results were evaluated using cross-validation techniques and the performance of each method was evaluated using mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) and Taylor diagram. The results indicate that EBKR performs the best spatial distribution. In order to determine the accuracy of spatial distribution generated by the spatial interpolation methods, we calculate the prediction standard error (PSE). The PSE result of EBKR prediction over mainland Portugal increases form south to north.

Latest Villafranchian climate and landscape reconstructions at Pirro Nord (southern Italy)

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 829-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugues-Alexandre Blain ◽  
Ana Fagoaga ◽  
Francisco Javier Ruiz-Sánchez ◽  
Josep Francesc Bisbal-Chinesta ◽  
Massimo Delfino
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Early Pleistocene terrestrial climate conditions in the Mediterranean region, especially between 1.3 and 1.7 Ma, are poorly understood. Here, the amphibian and reptile fossil record from 24 fissures (Cava Pirro) of the Pirro Nord karstic complex (southern Italy) is used to infer quantitative paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. These numerical data indicate that the mean annual temperature may have been somewhat lower (–1.6 to –3.6 °C compared to modern temperatures) than that of today, and the mean annual precipitation slightly higher (+90 to +240 mm) than modern values. Seasonality was more pronounced, with cooler summers (–0.4 to –2.0 °C) and much colder winters (–1.2 to –6.0 °C). Rainfall distribution patterns during the year show more precipitation during the winter (+14 to +43 mm), with quantities of summer rainfall (–1.7 to +6.6 mm) being similar to modern values. The associated landscape comprised an open dry environment with scattered patches of woodland, locally along water courses or around swamps. This ecological scenario fits with early Pleistocene cold conditions, where the first occurrence of some eastern emigrants suggests a scenario of trans-Adriatic dispersal, as may have also occurred for the earliest European hominins.

scholarly journals New precipitation and accumulation maps for Greenland

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (125) ◽  
pp. 140-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsumu Ohmura ◽  
Niels Reeh
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Annual Total Precipitation ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Liquid Precipitation

Abstract Annual total precipitation and the annual accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet are evaluated and presented in two maps. The maps are based on accumulation measurements of 251 pits and cores obtained from the upper accumulation zone and precipitation measurements made at 35 meteorological stations in the coastal region. To construct the accumulation map, the annual precipitation was split into solid and liquid precipitation components. Annual total precipitation exceeding 2500mmw.e. occurs on the southeastern tip of Greenland, while the minimum precipitation is estimated to occur on the northeastern slope of the ice sheet. The mean annual precipitation for all of Greenland is 340 mm w.e. The largest annual accumulation of about 1500 mm w.e. is found on the glaciers in the southeastern corner of Greenland, while the smallest accumulation is found on the northeastern slope of the ice sheet west of Danmarkshavn. The mean accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet is estimated at 310mmw.e. The regional difference in accumulation is examined with respect to the 850hPa(mbar) level circulation. The present surface topography is found to play an important role in determining regional accumulation on the ice sheet.

scholarly journals Inferencias paleoclimáticas para el Mioceno tardío en la cuenca de Angastaco basadas en el análisis fisionómico foliar: Formación Palo Pintado, Salta, Argentina

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Juan M. Robledo ◽  
Maricel Y. Horn ◽  
Claudia I. Galli ◽  
Luisa M. Anzótegui
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
La Rioja ◽  
Basin Region

The continental sedimentary rocks that constitute the Palo Pintado Formation of the late Miocene from Salta province, presents a great paleoclimatic interest due to the environmental conditions prevailing during this geochronologic interval. The geological and paleobotanical data suggest that during the sedimentary rocks accumulation of the Palo Pintado Formation (Angastaco Basin), wetter conditions would have existed comparing with other nearby and contemporary Formations, for example the Playa del Zorro Aloformation (late Miocene of Catamarca) and the Chiquimil (late Miocene of Tucumán), Salicas and the Toro Negro Formations (both from the late Miocene of La Rioja). In this study, the margin and the foliar area of the leaves contained on rocks from the Palo Pintado Formation are analyzed, in order to obtain the mean annual temperature (MAT) and the mean annual precipitation (MAP). The resulting values were: 23.98 °C and 330.8 mm. These results are coincident by the interpretation of different authors, who consider that the Palo Pintado Formation would have been deposited under a relatively humid environment, possibly as a consequence of the rains that affected locally the Angastaco basin región.

Seasonal variation in the population density of larvae of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodoidea) in Jamaican pastures

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Rawlins
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Bimodal Pattern ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Heavy Rains

AbstractA study was made of the seasonal variation in population density of larvae of Boophilus microplus (Can.) in four locations in Jamaican pastures where the mean annual precipitation ranged from 59 to 222 cm. Variations in population density were related to rainfall. Generally, four months of heavy rains in August to November preceded significant increases in B. microplus populations in December to February. This was followed by a reduction then another slight increase, resulting in a bimodal pattern of activity. Although populations fell to very low levels by the end of the dry season, only in one focus were they depleted to undetectable levels.

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