Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development

Fluorescence-based materials and associated techniques (analytical, imaging, sensing techniques) have been highlighted over the last century throughout various basic research fields and industries. Organic molecule-based fluorophores, in particular, have ushered...

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CD4 T Cell Antigens from Staphylococcus aureus Newman Strain Identified following Immunization with Heat-Killed Bacteria

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.05642-11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 477-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Paulraj K. Lawrence ◽

Bachra Rokbi ◽

Nadège Arnaud-Barbe ◽

Eric L. Sutten ◽

Junzo Norimine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

T Cell ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Protein A ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Content Type ◽

Intramammary Infections ◽

T Cell Antigens ◽

Ifn Γ

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis a commensal bacterium associated with the skin and mucosal surfaces of humans and animals that can also cause chronic infection. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) and strains causing chronic intramammary infections (IMI) in cows results in severe human and livestock infections. Conventional approaches to vaccine development have yielded only a few noneffective vaccines against MRSA or IMI strains, so there is a need for improved vaccine development. CD4 T lymphocytes are required for promoting gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mediated immunoglobulin isotype switching in B lymphocytes to produce high-affinity IgG antibodies and IFN-γ-mediated phagocyte activation for an effective resolution of bacterial infection. However, the lack of known CD4 T cell antigens fromS. aureushas made it difficult to design effective vaccines. The goal of this study was to identifyS. aureusproteins recognized by immune CD4 T cells. Using a reverse genetics approach, 43 antigens were selected from theS. aureusNewman strain. These included lipoproteins, proteases, transcription regulators, an alkaline shock protein, conserved-domain proteins, hemolysins, fibrinogen-binding protein, staphylokinase, exotoxin, enterotoxin, sortase, and protein A. Screening of expressed proteins for recall T cell responses in outbred, immune calves identified 13 proteins that share over 80% sequence identity among MRSA or IMI strains. These may be useful for inclusion in a broadly protective multiantigen vaccine against MRSA or IMI.

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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9050480 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 480

Author(s):

Honglei Wang ◽

Yangyang Xu ◽

Wenhai Feng

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Immune Escape ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Live Vaccines ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Inactivated Vaccines

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.

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A Mini Review: Recent Advances in Surface Modification of Porous Silicon

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11122557 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2557 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Seo Lee ◽

Jae Kang ◽

Dokyoung Kim

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Porous Silicon ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Basic Research ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Developed Surface ◽

The Many ◽

Insight Into ◽

Biomedical Fields

Porous silicon has been utilized within a wide spectrum of industries, as well as being used in basic research for engineering and biomedical fields. Recently, surface modification methods have been constantly coming under the spotlight, mostly in regard to maximizing its purpose of use. Within this review, we will introduce porous silicon, the experimentation preparatory methods, the properties of the surface of porous silicon, and both more conventional as well as newly developed surface modification methods that have assisted in attempting to overcome the many drawbacks we see in the existing methods. The main aim of this review is to highlight and give useful insight into improving the properties of porous silicon, and create a focused description of the surface modification methods.

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Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics11100534 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 534 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Vijayan ◽

Mohapatra ◽

Uthaman ◽

Park

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽

Vital Role ◽

Effective Control ◽

Therapeutic Vaccines ◽

Hiv Therapy ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Wide Range

The development of vaccines plays a vital role in the effective control of several fatal diseases. However, effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have yet to be developed for completely curing deadly diseases, such as cancer, malaria, HIV, and serious microbial infections. Thus, suitable vaccine candidates need to be designed to elicit appropriate immune responses. Nanotechnology has been found to play a unique role in the design of vaccines, providing them with enhanced specificity and potency. Nano-scaled materials, such as virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and protein NPs, have received considerable attention over the past decade as potential carriers for the delivery of vaccine antigens and adjuvants, due to their beneficial advantages, like improved antigen stability, targeted delivery, and long-time release, for which antigens/adjuvants are either encapsulated within, or decorated on, the NP surface. Flexibility in the design of nanomedicine allows for the programming of immune responses, thereby addressing the many challenges encountered in vaccine development. Biomimetic NPs have emerged as innovative natural mimicking biosystems that can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in biomimetic nanovaccines, and their use in anti-bacterial therapy, anti-HIV therapy, anti-malarial therapy, anti-melittin therapy, and anti-tumor immunity.

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Recent Advances in Immunology that Impact Vaccine Development

New Generation Vaccines ◽

10.1201/9781439834404-20 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 319-361

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Recent Advances

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Reverse genetics of rabies virus: new strategies to attenuate virus virulence for vaccine development

Journal of NeuroVirology ◽

10.1007/s13365-015-0350-2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 335-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shimao Zhu ◽

Hui Li ◽

Chunhua Wang ◽

Farui Luo ◽

Caiping Guo

Keyword(s):

Rabies Virus ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

New Strategies

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Identification of a Novel Virulence Factor in Recombinant Pneumonia Virus of Mice

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00364-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 81 (17) ◽

pp. 9490-9501 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Christine D. Krempl ◽

Anna Wnekowicz ◽

Elaine W. Lamirande ◽

Giw Nayebagha ◽

Peter L. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virulence Factor ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Consensus Sequence ◽

Cytoplasmic Tail ◽

Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACT Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is a murine relative of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). Here we developed a reverse genetics system for PVM based on a consensus sequence for virulent strain 15. Recombinant PVM and a version engineered to express green fluorescent protein replicated as efficiently as the biological parent in vitro but were 4- and 12.5-fold attenuated in vivo, respectively. The G proteins of HRSV and PVM have been suggested to contribute to viral pathogenesis, but this had not been possible to study in a defined manner in a fully permissive host. As a first step, we evaluated recombinant mutants bearing a deletion of the entire G gene (ΔG) or expressing a G protein lacking its cytoplasmic tail (Gt). Both G mutants replicated as efficiently in vitro as their recombinant parent, but both were nonpathogenic in mice at doses that would otherwise be lethal. We could not detect replication of the ΔG mutant in mice, indicating that its attenuation is based on a severe reduction in the virus load. In contrast, the Gt mutant appeared to replicate as efficiently in mice as its recombinant parent. Thus, the reduction in virulence associated with the Gt mutant could not be accounted for by a reduction in viral replication. These results identified the cytoplasmic tail of G as a virulence factor whose effect is not mediated solely by the viral load. In addition to its intrinsic interest, a recombinant virus that replicates with wild-type-like efficiency but does not cause disease defines optimal properties for vaccine development.

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