scholarly journals Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayan ◽  
Mohapatra ◽  
Uthaman ◽  
Park
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Hiv Therapy ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range

The development of vaccines plays a vital role in the effective control of several fatal diseases. However, effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have yet to be developed for completely curing deadly diseases, such as cancer, malaria, HIV, and serious microbial infections. Thus, suitable vaccine candidates need to be designed to elicit appropriate immune responses. Nanotechnology has been found to play a unique role in the design of vaccines, providing them with enhanced specificity and potency. Nano-scaled materials, such as virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and protein NPs, have received considerable attention over the past decade as potential carriers for the delivery of vaccine antigens and adjuvants, due to their beneficial advantages, like improved antigen stability, targeted delivery, and long-time release, for which antigens/adjuvants are either encapsulated within, or decorated on, the NP surface. Flexibility in the design of nanomedicine allows for the programming of immune responses, thereby addressing the many challenges encountered in vaccine development. Biomimetic NPs have emerged as innovative natural mimicking biosystems that can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in biomimetic nanovaccines, and their use in anti-bacterial therapy, anti-HIV therapy, anti-malarial therapy, anti-melittin therapy, and anti-tumor immunity.

scholarly journals Novel Concepts for HIV Vaccine Vector Design

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quazim A. Alayo ◽  
Nicholas M. Provine ◽  
Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Robust Adaptive ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. Viral vectors are the best-characterized delivery tools because of their intrinsic adjuvant capability, unique cellular tropism, and ability to trigger robust adaptive immune responses. However, a known limitation of viral vectors is preexisting immunity, and ongoing efforts are aimed at developing novel vector platforms with lower seroprevalence. It is also becoming increasingly clear that different vectors, even those derived from phylogenetically similar viruses, can elicit substantially distinct immune responses, in terms of quantity, quality, and location, which can ultimately affect immune protection. This review provides a summary of the status of viral vector development for HIV vaccines, with a particular focus on novel viral vectors and the types of adaptive immune responses that they induce.

scholarly journals Vaccine containing immunologic adjuvants with a wide range of activity to provide protection against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Berhanu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Aluminum Salts ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immunologic Adjuvants

This paper proposes a wide spectrum immunologic adjuvant for vaccine development against  COVID-19 which is the current global problem. It has been reported that a wide range of immune cells are involved in the body’s response to SARS CoV2 infection. Therefore, vaccine with a wide-spectrum immunologic adjuvant can be used to provide protection against COVID-19. Lack of adjuvants that can induce the required immune responses is a serious impediment to vaccine development against this devastating virus. The approved adjuvants such as aluminum salts and MF59 exhibit a narrow range of activity. In an attempt to solve this problem, it is crucial to develop new adjuvants which can trigger a wide range of immune cells.

scholarly journals Protective Immunity Against Neospora Caninum Infection Induced by 14-3-3 Protein in Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Li ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Shaoxiong Liu ◽  
Jianhua Li ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Caninum Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract BackgroundNeospora caninum causes infections in a wide range of intermediate hosts and remains a threatening disease worldwide because of the lack of effective drugs and vaccines. Our previous studies demonstrated that N. caninum 14-3-3 protein (Nc14-3-3), which is included in N. caninum extracellular vesicles (NEVs), can induce effective immune responses and stimulate cytokine expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, whether Nc14-3-3 has a protective effect and its mechanisms are poorly understood.MethodsHere, we evaluated immune responses and protective effects of Nc14-3-3 against 2×107 Nc-1 tachyzoites. Antibody (IgG, IgGl and IgG2a) levels and Th1-type (IFN-γ and IL-12) and Th2-type (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines in mouse serum; survival rates; survival time; and parasite burdens were detected.ResultsIn the present study, the immunostimulatory effect of Nc14-3-3 was confirmed, as it triggered Th1-type cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-12) production in mouse serum two weeks after the final immunization. Moreover, the immunization of C57BL/6 mice with Nc14-3-3 induced high IgG antibody levels and significant increases in CD8+ T lymphocytes in the spleens of mice, indicating that a significant cellular immune response was induced. Mouse survival rates and survival times were significantly prolonged after immunization survival rates were 40% for Nc14-3-3 immunization and 60% for NEV immunization, while mice that received GST, PBS, or blank control all died at 13, 9, and 8 days after intraperitoneal N. caninum challenge. In addition, qPCR analysis indicated that there was a lower parasite burden and milder pathological changes in the mice immunized with Nc14-3-3.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate the vaccination of mice with Nc14-3-3 elicits both cellular and humoural immune responses and provides partial protection against acute neosporosis. Thus, Nc14-3-3 could be an effective antigen candidate for vaccine development for neosporosis.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Facile Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanostructures: An Overview

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Dehghan Banadaki ◽  
Amir Kajbafvala
Keyword(s):  
Noble Metals ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Magnetic Sensors ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Controllable Synthesis ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metal Nanomaterials

Nobel metal nanomaterials with interesting physical and chemical properties are ideal building blocks for engineering and tailoring nanoscale structures for specific technological applications. Bimetallic nanomaterials consisting of magnetic metals and noble metals have attracted much interest for their promising potentials in many fields including magnetic sensors, catalysts, optical detection, and biomedical applications. Particularly, effective control of the size, shape, architecture, and compositional microstructure of metal nanomaterials plays an important role in enhancing their functionality and application potentials, for example, in fuel cells, optical and biomedical sensing. This paper focuses on recent advances in controllable synthesis of bimetallic nanostructured materials. Recent contributions in controllable synthesis of bimetallic nanomaterials with different architectures including nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets, or nanotubes and their assemblies are presented in this paper. A wide range of facile synthesis methods are covered herein with high emphasis on wet chemical methods owing to their facility of use, efficacy, and smaller environmental footprint.

scholarly journals Investigating the Interaction between Negative Strand RNA Viruses and Their Hosts for Enhanced Vaccine Development and Production

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Kostlend Mara ◽  
Meiling Dai ◽  
Aaron M. Brice ◽  
Marina R. Alexander ◽  
Leon Tribolet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Negative Strand ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Host Pathogen

The current pandemic has highlighted the ever-increasing risk of human to human spread of zoonotic pathogens. A number of medically-relevant zoonotic pathogens are negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs). NSVs are derived from different virus families. Examples like Ebola are known for causing severe symptoms and high mortality rates. Some, like influenza, are known for their ease of person-to-person transmission and lack of pre-existing immunity, enabling rapid spread across many countries around the globe. Containment of outbreaks of NSVs can be difficult owing to their unpredictability and the absence of effective control measures, such as vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. In addition, there remains a lack of essential knowledge of the host–pathogen response that are induced by NSVs, particularly of the immune responses that provide protection. Vaccines are the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases. In fact, in the event of a pandemic, appropriate vaccine design and speed of vaccine supply is the most critical factor in protecting the population, as vaccination is the only sustainable defense. Vaccines need to be safe, efficient, and cost-effective, which is influenced by our understanding of the host–pathogen interface. Additionally, some of the major challenges of vaccines are the establishment of a long-lasting immunity offering cross protection to emerging strains. Although many NSVs are controlled through immunisations, for some, vaccine design has failed or efficacy has proven unreliable. The key behind designing a successful vaccine is understanding the host–pathogen interaction and the host immune response towards NSVs. In this paper, we review the recent research in vaccine design against NSVs and explore the immune responses induced by these viruses. The generation of a robust and integrated approach to development capability and vaccine manufacture can collaboratively support the management of outbreaking NSV disease health risks.

scholarly journals Vaccine containing immunologic adjuvants with a wide range of activity to provide protection against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Berhanu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Aluminum Salts ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immunologic Adjuvants

This paper proposes a wide spectrum immunologic adjuvant for vaccine development against COVID-19 which is the current global problem. It has been reported that a wide range of immune cells are involved in the body's response to SARS CoV2 infection. Therefore, vaccine with a wide-spectrum immunologic adjuvant can be used to provide protection against COVID-19. Lack of adjuvants that can induce the required immune responses is a serious impediment to vaccine development against this devastating virus. The approved adjuvants such as aluminum salts and MF59 exhibit a narrow range of activity. In an attempt to solve this problem, it is crucial to develop new adjuvants which can trigger a wide range of immune cells.

Recent Advances in Gelatin-Based Nanomedicine for Targeted Delivery of Anti-Cancer Drugs

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Raza ◽  
Liu Siyu ◽  
Hajra Zafar ◽  
Zul Kamal ◽  
Bo Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Gelatin Nanoparticles ◽  
Good Surface ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Nanomedicine

: Nanoparticles based on natural polymers are utilized for the development of a wide range of drug delivery systems (DDS) in the current era. Gelatin-based nanoparticles, for example, are a remarkable cancer therapy with high efficacy and specificity. This paper reviews the recent advancements in gelatin-based nanomedicine for use in cancer therapeutics. Due to the characteristics features of gelatin, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, stability, and good surface properties, these nanoparticles provide high therapeutic potency in cancer nanomedicine. The surface of gelatin can be modified in a number of ways using various ligands to explore the platform for the development of a more novel DDS. Various methods are available for the preparation of gelatin nanomedicine discussed in this review. In addition, various cross-linkers to stabilized nanocarriers and stimuli base gelatin nanoparticles are reviewed. Furthermore, recent advances and research in gelatin-based nanomedicine are discussed. Also, some drawbacks and challenges are evaluated. In general, this paper paves the pathway to identify the details about the gelatin-based DDS for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Development of Therapeutic Vaccines for Ovarian Cancer

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Stephanie Chow ◽  
Jonathan S. Berek ◽  
Oliver Dorigo
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccine ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Clinical Benefits

Ovarian cancer remains the deadliest of all gynecologic malignancies. Our expanding knowledge of ovarian cancer immunology has allowed the development of therapies that generate systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Current immunotherapeutic strategies include immune checkpoint blockade, cellular therapies, and cancer vaccines. Vaccine-based therapies are designed to induce both adaptive and innate immune responses directed against ovarian cancer associated antigens. Tumor-specific effector cells, in particular cytotoxic T cells, are activated to recognize and eliminate ovarian cancer cells. Vaccines for ovarian cancer have been studied in various clinical trials over the last three decades. Despite evidence of vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses, the majority of vaccines have not shown significant anti-tumor efficacy. Recently, improved vaccine development using dendritic cells or synthetic platforms for antigen presentation have shown promising clinical benefits in patients with ovarian cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of therapeutic vaccine development in ovarian cancer, discuss proposed mechanisms of action, and summarize the current clinical experience.

Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi kheirollahpour ◽  
Mohsen Mehrabi ◽  
Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi ◽  
Mohsen Mohammadi ◽  
Alireza Masoudi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Antigen Presenting

In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple administrations of the vaccines. To overcome the mentioned problems, nanotechnology has recently been incorporated into vaccine development. Nanotechnology increasingly plays an important role in vaccine development nanocarrier-based delivery systems that offer an opportunity to increase the cellular and humoral immune responses. The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations allows not only enhanced immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also targeted delivery and slow release. Over the past decade, nanoscale size materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, inorganic nanoparticles and emulsions have gained attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. This advantage is attributable to the nanoscale particle size, which facilitates uptake by Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs), then leading to efficient antigen recognition and presentation. Modifying the surfaces of nanoparticles with different targeting moieties permits the delivery of antigens to specific receptors on the cell surface, thereby stimulating selective and specific immune responses. This review provides an overview of recent advances in nanovaccinology.

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