scholarly journals Distribution of H$$^\upbeta$$ Hyperfine Couplings in a Tyrosyl Radical Revealed by 263 GHz ENDOR Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hiller ◽  
I. Tkach ◽  
H. Wiechers ◽  
B. Eltzner ◽  
S. Huckemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Tyrosyl Radical ◽  
Drift Model ◽  
Endor Spectroscopy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Tyrosyl Radicals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spectral Simulations ◽  
Conformational Distribution ◽  
Hyperfine Couplings

Abstract$$^1$$ 1 H ENDOR spectra of tyrosyl radicals (Y$$^\bullet$$ ∙ ) have been the subject of numerous EPR spectroscopic studies due to their importance in biology. Nevertheless, assignment of all internal $$^1$$ 1 H hyperfine couplings has been challenging because of substantial spectral overlap. Recently, using 263 GHz ENDOR in conjunction with statistical analysis, we could identify the signature of the H$$^{\upbeta _2}$$ β 2 coupling in the essential Y$$_{122}$$ 122 radical of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase, and modeled it with a distribution of radical conformations. Here, we demonstrate that this analysis can be extended to the full-width $$^1$$ 1 H ENDOR spectra that contain the larger H$$^{\upbeta _1}$$ β 1 coupling. The H$$^{\upbeta _2}$$ β 2 and H$$^{\upbeta _1}$$ β 1 couplings are related to each other through the ring dihedral and report on the amino acid conformation. The 263 GHz ENDOR data, acquired in batches instead of averaging, and data processing by a new “drift model” allow reconstructing the ENDOR spectra with statistically meaningful confidence intervals and separating them from baseline distortions. Spectral simulations using a distribution of ring dihedral angles confirm the presence of a conformational distribution, consistent with the previous analysis of the H$$^{\upbeta _2}$$ β 2 coupling. The analysis was corroborated by 94 GHz $$^2$$ 2 H ENDOR of deuterated Y$$_{122}^\bullet$$ 122 ∙ . These studies provide a starting point to investigate low populated states of tyrosyl radicals in greater detail.

scholarly journals Electron nuclear double-resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy of amine oxidase from pig plasma

1986 ◽  
Vol 237 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Baker ◽  
P F Knowles ◽  
K B Pandeya ◽  
J B Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Hyperfine Coupling ◽  
Amine Oxidase ◽  
Double Resonance ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Electron Nuclear Double Resonance ◽  
Endor Spectroscopy ◽  
Amino Acid Histidine ◽  
Plasma Amine Oxidase ◽  
Hyperfine Couplings

Electron nuclear double-resonance (‘ENDOR’) spectroscopic studies on pig plasma amine oxidase have been carried out at 15 K. Deuterium-exchange studies show the presence of two sets of exchangeable protons, probably from two water molecules; from the magnitude of their hyperfine couplings, one is assigned to be equatorially, and the other axially, co-ordinated. Only one 14N hyperfine coupling is observed, suggesting that the bonding of all amino acid (histidine) or organic cofactor ligands is similar. Upon addition of azide, a further hyperfine coupling to nitrogen is observed which is smaller than that observed for the native enzyme; the hyperfine couplings to the remaining nitrogens are slightly altered.

أسلوب التعليل القرآني وبعض آثاره التعليمية (The Principles of Qur’anic Argumentation and Its Educational Effects)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
رضوان جمال الأطرش ◽  
نجوى نايف شكوكاني
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
New Age ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Education Process

        الملخّص      هدف هذا البحث إبراز إمكانية التأثر العملي بأسلوب التعليل في القرآن الكريم، ومحاولة البحث في تطبيقاته في واقع العملية التعليمية من العالم والمتعلم، بحيث لم يقتصر على الدراسة اللغوية أو الأصولية النظرية؛ وخصوصاً بعد التعريف بهذا الأسلوب وأدواته وأهميته وبيان اللوازم الخاصة للعالم والمتعلم للتأثر به، وقد تم ذلك من خلال استخدام المنهج الاستقرائي بتتبع أعمال العلماء في ذلك وتم رصد أقوال المفسرين فيما يتعلق بالأساليب البيانية وآيات التعليل ووجوه الإعجاز القرآني، ومن ثم استُخدم المنهج التحليلي لإثبات ذلك الأثر وإثبات وجود إشارات وأدلة على مظاهر التأثر؛ واستنتاج حقيقة إمكانية استمرارية البحث في كل أدوات وآيات ومواضيع ذلك الأسلوب بنفس الطريقة التي تمّ طرحُها، مما يثري هذا المجال، ويفتح العقول ويدفعها للنظر والتدبر والبحث في آي القرآن، وفي كل المناحي، منطلقةً من فكر التجديد، والإفادة من مستجدات العصر وعلومه ضمن ضوابط العقيدة الغراء والشرع الحنيف. الكلمات المفتاحية: أسلوب التعليل، أدوات أسلوب التعليل، التدبر، التعليم التقليدي، أثر.  Abstract This study intends to highlight the possible practical impact of the principles of argumentation found in the Qur’an. The study attempts to apply the principles on the actual education process of the scholars and students without limiting it to linguistic studies or theoretical principles. This was done after introducing the principles of reasoning, its tools, its importance, and disclosing the special requirements for the scholars and students in order to be influenced by the latter principles.  The work used inductive method to track the works of the scholars on the subject and observe the opinions of the Qur’an-commentators in relation to principles of explanation, verses of argument, and aspects of Qur’anic Inimitability. Analytical method was used to establish the impacts of the Qur’anic arguments; to prove the presence of signs and evidences for the manifestation of the impacts; and to make the continuity of this research possible in all the tools, verses and topics related to the principles of Qur’anic argument. Among those things that enrich this work is that it opens the minds, and pushes it to ponder and study the verses of the Qur’an. For every direction it becomes the starting point for the innovative thinking, and benefit for the new age and its sciences while maintaining the harmony with the principles of creed and the true SharÊ‘ah. Keywords: Principles of Argumentation, Tools of Argumentation Principles, Thinking, Traditional Education, Effect.

The first century of English protestantism and the growth of national identity

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
First Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
John Foxe ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Religious Zeal

Their sense of national identity is not something that men have been in the habit of directly recording. Its strength or weakness, in relation to commitment to international causes or to localist sentiment, can often only be inferred by examining political and religious attitudes and personal behaviour. So far as the early modern period is concerned, the subject is hazardous because groups and individuals must have varied enormously in the extent to which national identity meant something to them or influenced their lives. The temptation to generalise must be resisted. It is all too easy to suppose that national identity became well established in England in the Tudor century, when a national culture, based on widespread literacy among gentry, yeomen and townsmen, flowered as it had never done before, when the bible was first generally available in English, when John Foxe produced his celebrated Acts and Monuments, better known as the Book of Martyrs. Recent work reassessing the significance of Foxe’s account of the English reformation and other Elizabethan polemical writings provdes a convenient starting point for this brief investigation of some of the connections between religious zeal and national consciousness between 1558 and 1642.

Beyond the heuristic approach to Kolmogorov-Smirnov theorems

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (A) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Weak Convergence ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Empirical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Heuristic Approach ◽  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Subject

The theory of weak convergence has developed into an extensive and useful, but technical, subject. One of its most important applications is in the study of empirical distribution functions: the explication of the asymptotic behavior of the Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit statistic is one of its greatest successes. In this article a simple method for understanding this aspect of the subject is sketched. The starting point is Doob's heuristic approach to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov theorems, and the rigorous justification of that approach offered by Donsker. The ideas can be carried over to other applications of weak convergence theory.

On Selective Consumerism: Egyptian Women and Ethnographic Representations

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-123
Author(s):  
Nadia Wassef
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Islamic Feminism ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Egyptian Women ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

In the light of postmodern debates in anthropology, ethnography offers anthropologists new ways of representing their objects of study. The politics involved in the production and consumption by feminist scholars and activists of women's representations in the Arab world, and Egypt specifically, provides the starting point of this article. Using an ethnographic text examining manifestations of ‘Islamic Feminism’ in Egypt, I explore problems in addressing the subject of veiling – a continuous favourite among researchers. Grappling with stereotypes, assumptions and pre-interpretations based on what we read before going to the field and the questions we formulate in our minds, I look towards strategies of engagement with research subjects where anthropologists can express their commitments to them. Research ethics and reflexivity offer no formulaic guarantees of better representations, but pave the way towards understanding one's motivations and urges ethnographers to examine the impact of their work, both on the immediate community, and with regard to larger power politics. Given the fluid nature of identities and the relative fixedness of representations, solutions do not appear in abundance. Working outside of unnecessary dichotomies and searching for incongruities presents interesting possibilities for future ethnographic research.

Radical Tense-Indexical Historicality and the De Se

KronoScope ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
Carl Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Alternative View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
De Se ◽  
Temporal Expressions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Self Reference ◽  
A Current ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract “Being is said in many ways,” claimed Aristotle, initiating a discussion about existential commitment that continues today. Might there not be reasons to say something similar about “having been,” or “having happened,” where these expressions denote something’s being located in the past? Moreover, if history – construed not only as an object of inquiry (actual events, etc.) but also as a way of casting light on certain matters – is primarily concerned with “things past,” then the question just posed also seems relevant to the question of what historical understanding amounts to. While the idea that ‘being’ may mean different things in different contexts has indisputable importance, the implications of other, past-temporal expressions are elusive. In what might any differences of substantive meaning encountered there consist? One starting point for responding – the one that provides the subject matter explored here – is furnished by the question of whether or not a certain way of addressing matters relating to the past permits or precludes forms of intelligibility that could be said to be ‘radically historical.’ After arguing that the existing options for addressing this issue remain unsatisfactory, I set out an alternative view of what it could mean to endorse or reject such an idea. This involves drawing distinctions and analogies connected with notions of temporal situatedness, human practicality and historicality, which are then linked to a further contrast between two ways of understanding the referential significance of what is involved when we self-ascribe a relation to a current situation in a manner construable as implying that we take ourselves to occupy a unique, yet circumstantially defined, perspective on that situation. As regards the latter, on one reading, the specific kind of indexically referring language we use – commonly labelled “de se” – is something whose rationale is exhausted by its practical utility as a communicative tool. On the other, it is viewed as capturing something of substantive importance about how we can be thought of as standing in relation to reality. I claim that this second reading, together with the line of thinking about self-identification and self-reference it helps foreground, can shed light on what it would mean to affirm or deny the possibility of radically historical forms of intelligibility – and thus also on what it could mean to ascribe a plurality of meanings to talk concerning things being ‘in the past.’

Critical Analysis of Methods for Assessing the Innovation Potential of an Enterprise

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Mariya Podshivalova ◽  
S. Almrshed
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Innovative Capacity

The starting point of research on assessing the innovative capacity of an enterprise is the question of definitions. In this regard, authors initially turned to review of scientific literature on the subject of definitions variety for the term "enterprise innovative capacity". These data show that the wording of this term by both foreign and Russian researchers differs significantly. Authors propose a systematization of approaches to the definition and a corresponding graphical classification model, which highlights the evolutionary, resource, functional and process approaches. Further, a critical analysis of approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity is carried out. At the first stage, the content of modern assessment methods was studied, and at the second stage, the mathematical tools used were studied. Authors have formed a graphical representation of critical analysis results and based on it, they have concluded that among the approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity, the evolutionary approach should be recognized as promising, and among the methods of quantitative assessment – tools of economic statistics.

PAST AND PRESENT OF THE ULTRA-VIRES PRINCIPLE IN TURKISH COMPANIES LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (15) ◽  
pp. 520-540
Author(s):  
Gökhan GÜNCAN
Keyword(s):  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Capacity ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
Turkish Commercial Code ◽  
The Subject

Abolished Commercial Code No. 6762 art. 137 limited the entitlement of commercial companies to the “subject of activity” included in the company's articles of association. Transactions exceeding the scope of operation written in the company's articles of association were deemed to be ultra vires transactions and were deemed null and void. Since the transactions that were deemed null and void were not available in the legal world, it was not possible to make them valid again. Because, a legal transaction that does not exist is invalid from the very beginning; even if the interests of all parties require it, it is not possible to validate the transaction with approval or authorization. Therefore, since transactions outside the scope of business of commercial companies were also considered null and void, there was no approval or ratification procedure that could make them valid. The only way to carry out the aforementioned transaction in a valid manner was to change the articles of association, regulate the company's field of activity to include the aforementioned transaction, and re-do the transaction from the beginning. In the Turkish Commercial Code no. 6102 art. 125 provision emphasized that commercial companies have legal personality, as in article 137 of the abolished Commercial Code no. 6762. However, unlike the abolished one, by eliminating the ultra vires principle, which is a limit to the competence of commercial companies. It has been widely accepted in the meaning of Turkish Civil Code art. 48. This issue was also included in the Turkish Commercial Code no:6102 art. 125 justification, and it was stated that the ultravires principle was abolished. Therefore, it is understood that the ultravires principle was abandoned as a result of the conscious choice of the Lawgiver. The subject of business is no longer a limiting element of the legal capacity of commercial companies. Despite this, the subject of business still maintains its importance for trading companies. Turkish Commercial Code no:6102 art. 213, which regulates the mandatory elements of the articles of association of commercial companies, in the provisions of 339 and 5 76, the subject of activity continues to maintain its place as a mandatory element that should be included in the articles of association. In the aforementioned provisions, among the mandatory elements to be included in the articles of association, as a common expression in the aforementioned company types, the phrase "business subject in a specified and defined manner" is used. The subject of operation is also in the Turkish Commercial Code no. 6102 art. 233 and in the provisions of art. 371, it remains as a factor limiting the representation authority of those authorized to represent the company. When these provisions are evaluated, it is understood that although the ultra vires principle has been abandoned in terms of the competence of commercial companies, the principle continues to be preserved in terms of representation. In the study, the provisions of abolished Commercial Code no:6762 art. 137, which limits the license of commercial companies to the subject of activity and art. 128, which defines the license in the broadest sense, were determined as the starting point, and the provisions regulating the authority of representation of commercial companies were examined. Thus, the effects of the ultra vires principle on the competence and representation of commercial companies have been comparatively examined within the framework of the abolished Commercial Code No. 6762 and the current Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102.

scholarly journals Children’s perceptions of democratic values: Implications for democratic citizen education

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalie Botha ◽  
Ina Joubert ◽  
Anna Hugo
Keyword(s):  
National Curriculum ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Citizen Education ◽  
Children's Perceptions ◽  
Children’S Perceptions ◽  
Meaningful Participation ◽  
Democratic Citizen ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Generation

A new generation of children are learning the importance of democratic values at a level which makes sense to them. Appropriate ‘democratic values’ for South Africa are set out in the Constitution, and the national curriculum aims to equip all learners with the knowledge and skills necessary for meaningful participation in society. In many schools, these values – responsibility, respect and the freedom of self-expression – are merely posted on the walls of classrooms, but are not integrated into the subject content. This article proposes that teachers need to determine children’s perceptions of the values in question, and these should be the starting point for teaching democratic values. Young children need to understand and experience values in the classroom, suitable to the development of their moral reasoning. To concretise concepts of values, we used the ‘pledge tree’ activity in an intervention, in which 9-year-old children wrote their values on paper ‘leaves’ which they then posted on a huge polystyrene tree. The paper reports on this experience as a research investigation, capturing children’s ideas.

Global Thefts of Biblical Narrative

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald West
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
Biblical Story ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biblical Narratives ◽  
African Experience ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Family Resemblances ◽  
African Perspective ◽  
The Subject

This chapter takes its starting point from the African experience, across a range of African contexts, of Africa as both the subject and object of biblical narrative. When the Bible came to Africa, it came with well-established colonial metanarratives, constructed in part from biblical narratives. These colonial metanarratives were in turn partly reconstructed by the engagement with African others, from both a European and an African perspective along two diverging trajectories, with biblical narrative making a contribution to both. This chapter focuses on the capacity of biblical narrative, biblical story, to be both incorporated into “local” metanarratives and to shape these metanarratives. The contexts that are the focus of this chapter are largely “third world” contexts, across which there are significant family resemblances and important contextual differences.

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