scholarly journals Mechanisms of change in psychotherapy for children and adolescents: current state, clinical implications, and methodological and conceptual recommendations for mediation analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie J. Schmidt ◽  
Benno G. Schimmelmann
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Current State

Sleep and type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: Proposed theoretical model and clinical implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Monzon ◽  
Ryan McDonough ◽  
Lisa J. Meltzer ◽  
Susana R. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Implications

Mechanisms of Change in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

2017 ◽  
pp. 514-532
Author(s):  
Tali Boritz ◽  
Richard J. Zeifman ◽  
Shelley F. McMain
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Adaptive Coping ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Client Change

Research on processes and mechanisms of change aim to explain how and why an intervention leads to change. Despite some theoretical and empirical progress in understanding processes and mechanisms of change in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), this remains an understudied area in the DBT literature. This chapter considers how DBT conceptualizes the etiology and maintenance of dysfunction, and how active ingredients in DBT treatment produce client change. It proposes four key mechanisms of change that have been a focus of scientific efforts in DBT research: (1) increased awareness and acceptance of emotion; (2) increased attentional control; (3) increased ability to modulate emotion; and (4) increased use of adaptive coping skills. Next, it reviews the research evidence to support these putative mechanisms of change. Finally, it discusses clinical implications of this research, and propose recommendations for future research on mechanisms of change in DBT.

scholarly journals Treatment for Pediatric Aphasia: A Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Cox ◽  
L. O. Froeschke ◽  
R. E. Schumacher ◽  
Brenda Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Language Intervention ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Functional Communication ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Current State ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Aphasia Recovery

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to summarize the current state-of-science for principles and practices of intervention in acquired pediatric aphasia (APA). A secondary aim was to identify gaps in research regarding interventional frameworks, and to identify key areas of future inquiry to optimize language outcomes. Conclusions: Although epidemiologic data indicate rising incidence in  APA, limited research on recovery and intervention exists. Results suggest that language intervention supports aphasia recovery; however, available data lack adequate description of methodologies to make crosscomparisons and dosage recommendations possible. Evidence from observational studies suggests that a) pediatric recovery is not necessarily more rapid nor complete than adult recovery; b) principles of neuroplasticity may be applied to pediatric aphasia; however prognostication may be affected by developmental stage and presence of immature language networks; and, c) aphasia symptoms related to literacy may extend into adulthood, even after functional communication has been established. Clinical implications as well as recommendations for research are discussed in light of evidence.

scholarly journals Screen media use and ADHD-related behaviors: Four decades of research

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (40) ◽  
pp. 9875-9881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ine Beyens ◽  
Patti M. Valkenburg ◽  
Jessica Taylor Piotrowski
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Attention Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Screen Media ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Media ◽  
Screen Media Use ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children and adolescents has increased considerably over the past decades. Scholars and health professionals alike have expressed concern about the role of screen media in the rise in ADHD diagnosis. However, the extent to which screen media use and ADHD are linked remains a point of debate. To understand the current state of the field and, ultimately, move the field forward, we provide a systematic review of the literature on the relationship between children and adolescents’ screen media use and ADHD-related behaviors (i.e., attention problems, hyperactivity, and impulsivity). Using the Differential Susceptibility to Media effects Model as a theoretical lens, we systematically organize the existing literature, identify potential shortcomings in this literature, and provide directions for future research. The available evidence suggests a statistically small relationship between media and ADHD-related behaviors. Evidence also suggests that individual child differences, such as gender and trait aggression, may moderate this relationship. There is a clear need for future research that investigates causality, underlying mechanisms, and differential susceptibility to the effects of screen media use on ADHD-related behaviors. It is only through a richer empirical body that we will be able to fully understand the media–ADHD relationship.

A Tutorial on Expository Discourse: Structure, Development, and Disorders in Children and Adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer P. Lundine ◽  
Rebecca J. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Expository Texts ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structure Development ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Current State ◽  
Expository Discourse ◽  
State Of Research

PurposeWith the adoption of the Common Core State Standards, expository texts gain prominence at all grade levels and for all disciplines. Although the linguistic and cognitive complexities of exposition pose challenges for all children, they may create additional challenges for children and adolescents with language difficulties. Therefore, this tutorial provides background information for clinicians regarding the structure, development, and specific difficulties associated with exposition across the 4 modalities of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This background is intended to help direct the attention of researchers and clinicians to needed advances in knowledge and skill if the profession is to adequately support the population of children and adolescents who struggle with language.MethodThis tutorial is based on an extensive narrative review of articles identified using a systematic search process. Cited research studies are discussed qualitatively, but intervention studies are also characterized in terms of the strength of their research designs. This method is undertaken to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of research on these topics.ConclusionsFuture research needs are proposed to promote discussion among researchers and to prepare clinicians for the kinds of evidence they should be demanding as a basis for their practice.

Platelets: New Understanding of Platelet Glycoproteins and Their Role in Disease

Hematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Bussel ◽  
Thomas J. Kunicki ◽  
Alan D. Michelson
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Platelet Glycoprotein ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Platelet Antigen ◽  
Low Platelet Count ◽  
Case Presentations ◽  
Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Abstract This review covers new developments and their clinical implications in three areas: platelet antigen polymorphisms, inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa, and autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP). In Section I, Dr. Kunicki reviews platelet polymorphisms and their clinical implications. A current tabulation of the numerous platelet antigens, both those that are platelet specific and not platelet specific, are summarized. The immunogenic clinical implications of these polymorphisms are considered, including fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, post transfusion purpura, and refractoriness to platelet transfusion. The functional relationship to hemostasis and thrombosis is also discussed, in particular whether one haplotype of the PIA1/PIA2 (HPA-1a/1b) polymorphism predisposes to myocardial infarction. Finally, novel investigations of polymorphisms will be considered, including hormonal induction of certain polymorphisms. In Section II, Dr. Michelson reviews the newest generation of platelet inhibitors, those blocking glycoprotein IIB/IIIA, from the point of view of the hematologist who might be consulted about a patient receiving this form of treatment. The current use of available IIb-IIIa inhibitors and those in trial and the accepted and possible future indications for their use are addressed. The mechanism of action and actual and theoretical advantages and disadvantages of each inhibitor are explored. Scenarios that prompt consultation with a hematologist are presented, including management of bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and management of the patient requiring emergency surgery. In Section III, Dr. Bussel reviews controversies in ITP, looking at both the current state of the art and the potential for the future. Case presentations are used to illustrate the issues in both children and adults. Three primary areas are addressed: 1) the diagnosis of ITP, 2) when and for which patient to recommend splenectomy, and 3) the management of the refractory splenectomized patient who still has a low platelet count and bleeding symptoms.

Speech Breathing in Children and Adolescents

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette D. Hoit ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Peter J. Watson ◽  
Wayne J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Breathing Apparatus ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Speech Breathing ◽  
Helium Dilution

An investigation was conducted to elucidate the nature of speech breathing in children and adolescents and to determine if sex and age influence performance. Eighty healthy boys and girls representing four age groups (7, 10, 13, and 16 years) were studied using helium dilution to obtain measures of subdivisions of the lung volume and using magnetometers to obtain measures of resting tidal breathing and speech breathing. Results for subdivisions of the lung volume and resting tidal breathing revealed sex- and age-related differences, most of which were attributable to differences in breathing apparatus size. Results for speech breathing indicated that sex was not an important variable, but that age was critical in determining speech breathing performance. The most substantial differences were between the 7-year-old group and older groups. These differences were characterized by larger lung volume, rib cage volume, and abdominal volume initiations and terminations for breath groups, larger lung volume excursions per breath group, fewer numbers of syllables per breath group, and larger lung volume expenditures per syllable for the 7-year-old group compared to older groups. In most respects, speech breathing appeared adultlike by the end of the first decade of life. Clinical implications regarding these findings are offered.

scholarly journals Legal, environmental and technological bases of social shelters in Russia and in the republic of Mordovia

2021 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 12027
Author(s):  
Elena Sergeevna Sergushina ◽  
Oleg Vladimirovich Kabanov ◽  
Valentina Alekseevna Bogatyrskaya
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

The article briefly describes the current state of orphans who are in social shelters. The article considers the legal and technological bases of the activities of such institutions in the Russian Federation in the field of restoring child-parent relations. An example is given of the activities of the GKUSO RM “Republican Social Shelter for children and adolescents “Nadezhda”” (Republic of Mordovia). The structure and activities of the shelter, goals, objectives, technologies and project activities are analyzed in detail.

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