scholarly journals Sex differences in the behavioral responses of dogs exposed to human chemosignals of fear and happiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biagio D’Aniello ◽  
Barbara Fierro ◽  
Anna Scandurra ◽  
Claudia Pinelli ◽  
Massimo Aria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Stress Signals ◽  
Stress Behaviors ◽  
The Stranger

AbstractThis research focuses on sex differences in the behavioral patterns of dogs when they are exposed to human chemosignals (sweat) produced in happy and fear contexts. No age, breed or apparatus-directed behavior differences were found. However, when exposed to fear chemosignals, dogs’ behavior towards their owners, and their stress signals lasted longer when compared to being exposed to happiness as well as control chemosignals. In the happy odor condition, females, in contrast to males, displayed a significantly higher interest to the stranger compared to their owner. In the fear condition, dogs spent more time with their owner compared to the stranger. Behaviors directed towards the door, indicative of exit interest, had a longer duration in the fear condition than the other two conditions. Female dogs revealed a significantly longer door-directed behavior in the fear condition compared to the control condition. Overall the data shows that the effect of exposure to human emotional chemosignals is not sex dependent for behaviors related to the apparatus, the owner or the stress behaviors; however, in the happiness condition, females showed a stronger tendency to interact with the stranger.

To Explore Relationships Between Physiological Stress Signals and Stress Behaviors in Preterm Infants During Periods of Exposure to Environmental Stress in the Hospital

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niang-Huei Peng ◽  
Chao-Huei Chen ◽  
Jean Bachman ◽  
Hong-Chin Lin ◽  
Teh-Ming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Stress Signals ◽  
Stress Behaviors

The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to examine relationships among physiological stress signals (heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and oxygen saturation) and stress behaviors (6 stress behaviors related to sleep–wake states, 10 self-regulatory behaviors, and 17 behavioral stress cues) in preterm infants during periods of environmental stress. This research used a prospective repeated-measures design in a convenience sample of preterm infants of <37 weeks' gestational age and <28 days' postnatal age. All infants were in the incubator in a neonatal intensive care unit or a sick baby care unit in one of two hospitals at the time of data collection. Multiple linear regressions of generalized estimating equations were used to determine relationships. Variables were measured every 2 min over 4 hr, for a total of 4,164 observations in 37 preterm infants. There were statistically significant relationships between 9 stress behavioral responses and changes in HR (seven stress behaviors and two self-regulatory behaviors; p < .05), between 9 stress behavioral responses and changes in RR (seven stress behaviors and two self-regulatory behaviors; p < .05), and between 11 stress behavioral responses and changes in oxygen saturation (seven stress behaviors and four self-regulatory behaviors; p < .05). Findings demonstrate that the functions of self-regulatory behaviors and some special behaviors in preterm infants during environmental stress are related to physiological stress signals. However, results should be investigated further in larger samples.

scholarly journals Can Dogs’ Origins and Interactions with Humans Affect Their Accomplishments? A Study on the Responses of Shelter and Companion Dogs during Vocal Cue Training

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1360
Author(s):  
Maria Luiza A. Fonseca ◽  
Angélica S. Vasconcellos
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Vocal Cues ◽  
Companion Dogs ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
Tone Of Voice ◽  
Neutral Tone

The inclusion of life history as a possible influential factor is pivotal in studies on behavior, welfare, and cognition. Shelter dogs have usually experienced a life involving poor social interactions with humans. Thus, we aimed to investigate the behavioral responses of shelter dogs (SDs) and companion dogs (CDs) during the training of two vocal cues (“sit”, “paw”), as well as the possible associations between their responses and the behaviors of trainers. We studied 15 SDs and 15 CDs in up to eight five-minute training sessions. Dogs’ and trainers’ behaviors were recorded and analyzed (through GLM, GLMM, correlation and Mann–Whitney tests). Shelter dogs responded to more cues per session, with shorter latencies and fewer repetitions of cues. Moreover, SDs spent more time wagging their tails. Dogs’ sex and trainers’ behaviors were also associated with differences in dogs’ responses. The use of a reproachful tone of voice was associated with a greater number of cues responded to, shorter latencies, and fewer repetitions of cues. However, this type voice/discourse was also linked to a greater exhibition of non-training behaviors (e.g., exploring the room or jumping on the trainer), and to dogs spending less time next to the trainer and wagging their tails. On the other hand, the use of a neutral tone of voice and laughter, besides being linked to performance, was also associated with longer durations of tail wagging. Furthermore, the duration of the trainers’ orientation to dogs was correlated with the orientation of the dogs to the trainers. Our data suggest that, even when having experienced social deprivation from humans, SDs’ capacities to learn vocal cues were preserved, possibly due to ontogenic homeostasis processes. Shelter dogs’ greater interest in the sessions may be also credited to their socially-deprived routine. Our outcomes also point to an association between friendly interactions during training and dog performance and excitement, which suggests that such interactions may have the potential to improve SD welfare.

scholarly journals Sex differences in maladaptive emotional and behavioral responses to COVID-19: What is the role of personality?

2021 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 110834
Author(s):  
Sarah DeGrace ◽  
Natasha Baptist-Mohseni ◽  
Alanna Single ◽  
Matthew T. Keough ◽  
Jeffrey D. Wardell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Behavioral Responses

Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883
Author(s):  
Nancy Lipsitt ◽  
Rose R. Olver
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
College Setting ◽  
Female Subjects

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.

Sex Differences in Reward Allocation

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 981-982
Author(s):  
Kerry C. Martin ◽  
Jay Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Work Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Reward Allocation

Men and women were presented descriptions of two dyadic work groups. In both groups, one member of the dyad did approximately two-thirds of the work. For one of the groups, subjects were asked to imagine that they were the worker of high productivity while for the other group subjects were asked to imagine that they were impartial observers. Subjects were asked to divide the rewards among the two workers for both groups. Men and women did not differ in allocation of reward when acting as impartial observers. When subjects imagined themselves as the worker of high productivity, men gave themselves a greater share of the reward than did women. It was concluded that the results were consistent with the self-interest explanation of sex differences in allocation of reward.

scholarly journals The Stranger as Friend: The Poetics of Friendship in Homer, Dante, and Boccaccio

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Masciandaro
Keyword(s):  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Divine Comedy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maurice Blanchot ◽  
Philosophical Method ◽  
The Divine Comedy ◽  
The One ◽  
The Stranger

The principal aim of this study is to participate in the current renewed discourse on the meaning of friendship, initiated in 1994 by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida with his Politics of Friendship, by combining the philosophical method of inquiry with the hermeneutical approach to poetic representations of friendship in the Iliad, the Divine Comedy, and the Decameron. It examines friendship not only as the unique love between two persons based on familiarity and proximity, but as the love for the one who is far away, the stranger, for this is a natural extension of the implicit love of the distant other, of the other-as-stranger – what Emmanuel Levinas has called "the infinity of the Other" – which is concealed in our friend, and which, in the words of Maurice Blanchot, puts us "authentically in relation" with him or her.

180 SEX DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO ARTIFICIAL CALCULOSIS IN RATS

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
pp. S49c-S50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Aloisi ◽  
I. Ceccarelli ◽  
P. Fiorenzani ◽  
C. Aurilio ◽  
M.C. Pace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Behavioral Responses

Sex Differences in Conformity: Status and Gender Role Interpretations

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice H. Eagly ◽  
Carole Chrvala
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Pressure ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Older Males

The experiment examines status and gender role explanations of the tendency for women to conform more than men in group pressure settings. Subjects believed they were assigned to groups containing two males and two females in addition to themselves and received these other group members' opinions, which were represented as deviating from the opinions that subjects had given earlier. Subjects then gave their opinions with the other group members either having or not having surveillance over these opinions. In addition, subjects were required to form impressions of each other's likability or expertise. The findings indicate that subjects' sex and age affected the extent of their conformity. Among older (19 years and older) subjects, females conformed more with surveillance than without it, whereas surveillance did not affect males' conformity. Among younger (under 19 years) subjects, surveillance had no effects. Analysis of sex differences revealed that older females were significantly more conforming than older males when under surveillance as well as when subjects formed impressions of one another's likability. Among younger subjects, there were no sex differences. These findings are discussed in terms of the theories that (a) both sex and age function as status characteristics and (b) gender roles determine conformity.

Claire Denis – The Intruder

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-130
Author(s):  
Jan Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Heart Transplant ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moving Image ◽  
Philosophical Text ◽  
Bodily Sensation ◽  
The Stranger ◽  
The Way ◽  
Extended Essay

An extended essay on Claire Denis’ L’Intrus acts as a companion piece to the chapter on Frances Barrett. Dealing with similar themes of care, hospitality, and feminism, it expands on an aspect that sat at the edges of Curator, the questioning of received ontological boundaries or defining categories. Denis covers both formerly and conceptually a taxonomy of borders, which are both physical and psychological. Her source material, Jean Luc Nancy’s essay about his heart transplant, is considered in relation to the way Denis produces a moving image work from a philosophical text, with particular concern for her treatment of narrative to produce bodily sensation. The ‘Other’ or figure of the stranger is pitted against the disintegrating power of patriarchy referenced in Denis’ casting of the actor, Michel Subor, who appears in L’Intrus and Beau Travail (1999) as well as Jean Luc Godard’s Petite Soldat (1955). [145]

Things at the Edge of the World

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
David Wood
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Entire Domain ◽  
The World ◽  
Combined Operation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stranger

This chapter describes things at the edge of the world as sites at which events of reversal and transformation take place. It looks at three examples of reversals: people's experience of the sun; the nonhuman animal; and that of the other human, which is divided into three—the sexual other, the stranger, and the enemy. In each case, a thing that begins as an object of experience becomes the site of an event of reversal and transformation in which not only the subject is implicated in an unexpected way but the world, or a part of it, is poised for restructuration and for the proliferation of new chains of possibility. The chapter then suggests that the entire domain marked by these events of reversal and transformation is generated by the combined operation of three different phenomena. These include (1) the primordial constitution of selfhood, (2) variable modes of identification with that self, and (3) the projection of modes of otherness consistent with one's manner of self-relatedness.

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