Sex Differences in Reward Allocation

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 981-982
Author(s):  
Kerry C. Martin ◽  
Jay Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Work Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Reward Allocation

Men and women were presented descriptions of two dyadic work groups. In both groups, one member of the dyad did approximately two-thirds of the work. For one of the groups, subjects were asked to imagine that they were the worker of high productivity while for the other group subjects were asked to imagine that they were impartial observers. Subjects were asked to divide the rewards among the two workers for both groups. Men and women did not differ in allocation of reward when acting as impartial observers. When subjects imagined themselves as the worker of high productivity, men gave themselves a greater share of the reward than did women. It was concluded that the results were consistent with the self-interest explanation of sex differences in allocation of reward.

Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883
Author(s):  
Nancy Lipsitt ◽  
Rose R. Olver
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
College Setting ◽  
Female Subjects

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.

Tracing Sexual Difference

1998 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pamela Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Difference

A reading of Luce Irigaray suggests the possibility of tracing sexual difference in philosophical accounts of personal identity. In particular, I argue that Irigaray raises the possibility of moving beyond the aporia of the other which lies at the heart of Paul Ricoeur's account of self-identity. My contention is that the self conceived in Ricoeur's Oneself as Another is male insofar as it is dependent upon the patriarchal monotheism which has shaped Western culture both socially and economically. Nevertheless there remains the possibility of developing Ricoeur's reference to 'the trace of the Other' in order to give a non-essential meaning to sexual difference. Such meaning will emerge when (i) both men and women have identities as subjects, and (ii) the difference between them can be expressed. I aim to elucidate both conditions by appropriating Irigaray's 'Questions to Emmanuel Levinas: On the Divinity of Love.'

Cultural and Sex Differences in Rating the Self and an Hypothetical Well-Adjusted Person on Jack's Divided Self and Care as Self-Sacrifice Subscales

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koutrelakos ◽  
A. J. Baranchik ◽  
N. Damato
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Divided Self ◽  
The Usa

Ratings of the self and of an hypothetical well-adjusted man and woman on the Divided Self and Care as Self-sacrifice subscales of the Silencing the Self Scale were obtained for samples of men and women in the USA and Greece. Factor analysis confirmed the items' assignment to subscales for each of the three sets of ratings. Generally, Greeks scored higher than Americans on both subscales. While men usually scored higher than women on the Care subscale in both countries, they only did so in Greece for the Divided Self. Women had greater discrepancies than men between their self and well-adjusted same-sex rating on both subscales in each country, with this sex difference being greater in Greece than the USA and greater on the Care subscale in both countries.

Asymmetries in Ear Movements and Eyebrow Raising in Men and Women and Right- and Left-Handers

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Code
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Environmental Sounds ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
By Products

The abilities to move ears and eyebrows were examined in 442 subjects (204 men, 238 women) categorized as right-handed ( n = 382) and left-handed ( n = 60, including mixed and ambidextrous-handed subjects). Approximately 22% could move one or the other ear and about 18% could move both ears simultaneously, but significantly more men could move both ears simultaneously. Significantly more men than women were able to move both the left and right eyebrow and the left ear. No differences were observed between right- and left-handers. Significant contingency correlations were observed between raising eyebrows and moving ears. Results are discussed with reference to a possible left ear-right hemisphere advantage for localising environmental sounds, primitive ear-moving abilities no longer functional in modern humans, and epiphenomenal by-products of other adaptive sex differences.

Sex Differences in Self-Esteem and Parental Behavior

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi Milner Elrod ◽  
Sedahlia Jasper Crase
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Parental Treatment ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of reported behaviors of both mothers and fathers to the self-esteem of 4- and 5-yr.-old children, with the sex of the child as a variable, was examined. With this intention, the following questions were asked: (1) Do parents behave differently toward boys and girls? (2) Does parental treatment of boys and girls relate to children's self-esteem? (3) Does one sex have higher self-esteem than the other? 49 boys and 45 girls were tested for self-esteem; a paper-and-pencil inventory was used to assess their parents' behavior. Parents indicated that they behaved differently toward boys and girls as follows: fathers interact more with sons than with daughters; mothers interact more with daughters than do fathers but also interact more with sons than do fathers and interact more similarly with boys and girls than do fathers. The data also indicate that some behaviors of mothers are significantly related to high self-esteem in girls while similar or even the same behaviors of fathers are significantly related to low self-esteem in boys and girls. Boys had higher self-esteem than girls.

Selfishness and Self-Centeredness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Ivanhoe
Keyword(s):  
Moral Motivation ◽  
Moral Knowledge ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Moral Failure ◽  
Significant Distinction ◽  
Self Interest

This chapter develops and defends a morally and epistemically significant distinction between selfishness and self-centeredness and identifies various ways in which we can be one without being the other. For example, one can act altruistically but see such actions as a reflection of one’s own extraordinary character or generous nature, which is self-centered. The chapter explores the implications of the oneness view for altruism and self-interest, arguing that there are respects in which the dichotomy is preserved and respects in which it is not under various conceptions of oneness. It goes on to argue that a non-self-centered model of moral motivation has notable advantages over the self-sacrificial model. This offers an opportunity to reflect on the real causes of moral failure, which more often are a consequence of self-centeredness than a lack of moral knowledge or insight.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ANTARA HARDINESS DENGAN SELF-EFFICACY PADA LANSIA MASIH BEKERJA DI BANGUNTAPAN BANTUL

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Feranita Indriati ◽  
Titik Muti’ah
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT This research aims to know the relationship between hardiness and self-efficacy of lansia (elderly) who still works in Banguntapan Bantul. The Hypotheses in this research is the relationship between hardiness and self-efficacy of lansia (elderly) who still works in Banguntapan Bantul.Subject of this research are working lansia (elderly) to men and women working lansia (elderly) with ages around 65 until 70 years old they are men and women that has total of 70. The the data was collected by using instrument used hardness and self-efficacay scale. The data was analysised using pearson product moment correlation with program SPSS Version 16 for Windows.The result of the analysis, showed that the correlation was between variable hardiness and self-efficacy 0,713 with P=0,00. This result and true the hypotheses was accepted meaning there is a relationship between hardiness and self-efficacy. It means that whenever the self-efficacay in lansia (elderly) are highest so the the hardiness are highest too. And the other way, if the self efficacy in lansia (elderly) are lowest so the hardiness are lowest too. Keywords : Hardiness, Self Efficacy, and Lansia (Elderly)

scholarly journals The Self and the Other in "The Land of Dreams"

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Sura M. Khrais ◽  
Hana A. Daana
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
European Model ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Racial Gaps ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Land Of Dreams

This paper is a study of the post-colonial polarity of the Self/the Other in Hanan Al Shaykh's short story "The Land of Dreams". It investigates the sub-textual tensions between her admiration of the European model (the Self) and her status as an Arab writer representing the Other. Thus, Al Shaykh presents a prejudiced text in which the Other is misrepresented and rather stereotypically portrayed. While the Self is civilised and a savior-like figure, the Other (Yemini men and women) is primitive, superstitious and ignorant.  Furthermore, the researcher will show that what seems to be a meaningful connection across the racial line where the Self (Ingrid; the civilised European) and the Other (Yemini people) find a contact zone is no more than an illogical oversimplification of the relationship. While Hanan Al Shaykh introduces this model of racial liberation through unification of the Self and the Other, the question remains to what extent would that relationship sustain the pressures of the primitive culture of the Other? Indeed, Al Shaykh tends to simplify and generalise the relationship to the point of producing romantic and idealised images of a human contact beyond cultural and racial gaps, which strikes the reader as naïve and unrealistic.

scholarly journals For the Record: An Educational Memoir in Late Colonial India

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
Tara Puri
Keyword(s):  
Women's Education ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Education In India

Mary Bhore’s Some Impressions of England (Bhore 1900) forms a record of her travel to England and the basis of her argument for women’s education in India. While Bhore does not openly criticise the empire, her account of her experiences as well as her very presence in England invert the logic of imperial relations by turning the colonial subject into the ethnographic observer. Her memoir is not unlike the writing of the “England-returned” men and women in late-colonial India, but it shows a curious absence of the personal. Drawing on Foucault’s “Self Writing”, I will argue that Bhore’s text is as much “a narrative of the self” as it is about a shaping of the other; in other words, it is an attempt to turn her own experience into a kind of guide for her readers.

Experiential Factors in Sex Differences on Mental Rotation

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1062-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle D. Cherney ◽  
Kavita Jagarlamudi ◽  
Erika Lawrence ◽  
Nicole Shimabuku
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Mental Rotation Test ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Visuospatial Tasks

Past research has shown that men score significantly higher than women on mental rotation tests. The present study examined the effects of a prior exposure to a mental rotation task, i.e., adapted Cube Comparison test, and to three-dimensional objects, i.e., Legos™, on the performance on the Mental Rotation Test. 113 men and women were randomly divided into three conditions: control, exposure, or detailed instructions. On average, men outperformed women. Further analyses showed that sex differences were significant in the control condition but not in the other two, suggesting that a cuing effect may explain some of the robust sex differences in visuospatial tasks.

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