Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883
Author(s):  
Nancy Lipsitt ◽  
Rose R. Olver
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
College Setting ◽  
Female Subjects

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.

The five‐factor personality model in applied settings

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Montag ◽  
Joseph Levin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Neo Personality Inventory ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

Two studies of the Revised NEO‐Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) conducted on two different applicant samples (one consisting of 539 female subjects and the other consisting of 396 male subjects) are reported. Factor analysis of the female sample yielded a five‐factor solution, highly congruent with the factors presented by Costa, McCrae and Dye (1991). Results of the male data were less clear‐cut, yielding four to five factors which were moderately congruent with the American data. The combined male and female sample showed again high congruence coefficients. Various minor deviations in the location of the facet variables are discussed.

Sex Differences in Reward Allocation

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 981-982
Author(s):  
Kerry C. Martin ◽  
Jay Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Work Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Reward Allocation

Men and women were presented descriptions of two dyadic work groups. In both groups, one member of the dyad did approximately two-thirds of the work. For one of the groups, subjects were asked to imagine that they were the worker of high productivity while for the other group subjects were asked to imagine that they were impartial observers. Subjects were asked to divide the rewards among the two workers for both groups. Men and women did not differ in allocation of reward when acting as impartial observers. When subjects imagined themselves as the worker of high productivity, men gave themselves a greater share of the reward than did women. It was concluded that the results were consistent with the self-interest explanation of sex differences in allocation of reward.

Controlling intimacy: Sexual scripts among men and women in prostitution

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretha Järvinen ◽  
Theresa Dyrvig Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Emotional Distance ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
And Control

Inspired by sexual scripting theory, this article analyses intimacy and control in prostitution. The authors identify two strategies for maintaining control among male and female sex sellers. The first strategy is to restrict prostitution to relationships with as much sexual reciprocity as possible. The other is to maintain sexual/emotional distance from customers – yet often acting the opposite. The article questions prevailing stereotypes about male sex sellers being more agentic and autonomous than female sex sellers, arguing that control in prostitution can be achieved (and lost) in different ways. The analysis shows how scripting theory – with its differentiation between the cultural, interpersonal and intrapsychic levels of scripting – may be used to understand variations and contradictions in prostitution experiences. The article is based on 36 qualitative interviews with men and women in escort services, clinic prostitution and prostitution in private apartments in Denmark.

Assessment of Motives and Orientations

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Youniss ◽  
Maurice Lorr ◽  
Edward C. Stefic
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
College Women ◽  
College Men ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Study aims to test for the hypothesized dimensional structure of a revision and extension of the Orientation and Motivation Inventory (OMI) and to check for sex differences. The 12-scale inventory was administered to 307 high school and college men, and to 184 college women. The intercorrelations among the half scale scores for the men and for the women were separately factor analyzed and rotated. For men, 10 of the factors, and for women, 11 of the factors hypothesized were confirmed. Five second-order dimensions were identified in both men and women. The scores were next applied in discriminant function analyses to differentiate male and female subjects allocated to one of Holland's six personality types. The results provide some support for the validity of the motivational scales.

Asymmetries in Ear Movements and Eyebrow Raising in Men and Women and Right- and Left-Handers

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Code
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Environmental Sounds ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
By Products

The abilities to move ears and eyebrows were examined in 442 subjects (204 men, 238 women) categorized as right-handed ( n = 382) and left-handed ( n = 60, including mixed and ambidextrous-handed subjects). Approximately 22% could move one or the other ear and about 18% could move both ears simultaneously, but significantly more men could move both ears simultaneously. Significantly more men than women were able to move both the left and right eyebrow and the left ear. No differences were observed between right- and left-handers. Significant contingency correlations were observed between raising eyebrows and moving ears. Results are discussed with reference to a possible left ear-right hemisphere advantage for localising environmental sounds, primitive ear-moving abilities no longer functional in modern humans, and epiphenomenal by-products of other adaptive sex differences.

Availability and Formation of Stereotypes

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell A. Jones ◽  
Joanne Scott ◽  
Jose Solernou ◽  
Audrey Noble ◽  
Joe Fiala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Illusory Correlations ◽  
Female Subjects

Availability refers to the ease with which instances of a particular class of events can be brought to mind and constitutes a potential source of bias in judgments of the size of that class. Bias occurs when the magnitudes of related classes do not correspond to the ease with which instances of those classes can be retrieved from memory. Previous research has indicated that, if events in a class are defined by the co-occurrence of phenomena which are themselves rare, then recall of that class is likely to be facilitated and its magnitude exaggerated. Based on a study by Hamilton and Gifford an experiment was designed in which male and female subjects viewed a series of slides. On each slide an attribution of a desirable or an undesirable trait was made to a member of one of two fictitious groups. The slide set was constructed such that one group had twice as many members as the other; desirable traits were two and one-half times more frequent than undesirable traits, and each group had the same ratio of members with undesirable vs desirable traits. As anticipated, when asked to recall the number of undesirable characteristics attributed to the two groups, subjects significantly overestimated the number of such characteristics which had been assigned to the smaller group. The results are discussed in terms of the concepts of availability and illusory correlations.

androgyny

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Object Choice ◽  
The One ◽  
Sexual Object

In the modern use, “bisexuality” refers to sexual object choice, whereas “androgyny” refers to sexual identity. In ancient Greece and Rome, however, these terms sometimes refer to human beings born with characteristics of both sexes, and more frequently to an adult male who plays the role of a woman, or to a woman who has the appearance of a man, both physically and morally. In mythology, having both sexes simultaneously or successively characterises, on the one hand, the first human beings, animals, or even plants from which arose male and female, and on the other, mediators between human beings and gods, the living and the dead, men and women, past and future, and human generations. Thus androgyny and bisexuality were used as a tools to cope with one’s biological, social, and even fictitious environment.

Effects of Sex of Pressuring Group, Perception of Ability, and Sex of Communicator Influencing Perceived Ability on Conformity of Males and Females

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane R. Follingstad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Female Data ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Group Perception ◽  
Independent Behavior ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Female Subjects

This study assessed the differential effects of sex of pressuring confederates and perception of ability on conforming behavior of males and females. Varying male and female sources of the communication to influence subjects' views of their ability was expected to produce less conformity in females receiving the information from a male rather than a female. Data on undergraduates showed 64 females did not conform significantly more than 64 males, but male subjects conformed more in the presence of male confederates while females conformed significantly more when led to believe that males were more accurate on the task. Only the male source influencing females to believe they were superior on the task resulted in significantly less conformity in female subjects. Considering sex differences is essential due to the finding that the sexes responded to different variables present in most conformity experiments. The decrease in conformity produced in females when told by a male that females do better than males has implications for the use of male sources of communication to increase independent behavior of women.

Visual Comfort Zone

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-195
Author(s):  
Anil Mital ◽  
Charles G. Halcomb ◽  
S. S. Asfour
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Visual Angle ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Comfort Zone ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Distinct Color ◽  
Female Subjects

This paper presents the panel width for console/work place design (seated operator) based upon performance. Panel width recommendations are made for male and female operators. Independent variables investigated included the two distinct color contrasts (blue on white and black on white) and sex differences. The color contrast and sex variables did not have any effect (p ≤ .05) on comfort zones although both male and female subjects made more errors with the blue on white color contrast. The visual comfort zone (panel width) was found to be the area between two approximate semi-circles (7.61 cm radius and 53.34 cm radius) which is considerably smaller than previous recommendations based on reach and visual angle.

scholarly journals Recognition among mice. Evidence from the use of a Y-maze differentially scented by congenic mice of different major histocompatibility types.

1979 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Yamazaki ◽  
M Yamaguchi ◽  
L Baranoski ◽  
J Bard ◽  
E A Boyse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sensory Discrimination ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Y Maze

Previous studies of mating preference signified that mice can sense one another's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) types, probably by olfaction. This conclusion has now been substantiated by the use of a Y-maze whose two arms were differentially scented with currents of air conducted through boxes occupied by B6 (H-2b) males and by B6-H-2k congenic males. Four B6 mice, two males and two females, were successfully trained, by water deprivation and reward, to enter the arm scented by B6 or B6-H-2k males. One of the males and one of the females were trained to select the B6-scented arm; the other male and female were trained to select the B6-H-2k-scented arm. Untrained mice showed no MHC discrimination in the maze. The performance of the trained mice in distinguishing between MHC congenic homozygous F2 segregants derived from a cross of B6-H-2k with B6 was as good as their performance in distinguishing the respective inbred strains, thus essentially eliminating alternative and significant additional explanations of MHC-associated sensory discrimination. The data further indicate that chemosensory discrimination of MHC types can be entirely dissociated from sex differences and from the circumstances of mating.

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