scholarly journals Sexually Dimorphic Growth Stimulation in a Strain of Growth Hormone Transgenic Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle T. T. Chan ◽  
Annette Muttray ◽  
Dionne Sakhrani ◽  
Krista Woodward ◽  
Jin-Hyoung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Transgene Insertion

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH) transgenic fish often exhibit remarkable transformations in growth rate and other phenotypes relative to wild-type. The 5750A transgenic coho salmon strain exhibits strong sexually dimorphic growth, with females possessing growth stimulation at a level typical of that seen for both sexes in other strains harbouring the same gene construct (e.g. M77), while males display a modest level of growth stimulation. GH mRNA levels were significantly higher in females than in males of the 5750A strain but equivalent in the M77 strain, indicating sex and transgene insertion locus altered transgene expression. We found that acute estradiol treatments did not influence GH expression in either strain (5750A and M77) or the transgene promoter (metallothionein-B), suggesting that estradiol level was not a significant factor influencing transgene activity. The feminization of XX and XY fish of the 5750A and M77 strains generated all-female groups and resulted in equalized growth of the two genetic sexes, suggesting that the presence of the Y chromosome was not directly capable of influencing the GH transgene–mediated growth in a physiological female conditions. These data suggest that the difference in growth rate seen between the sexes in the 5750A strain arises from non-estradiol-mediated sex influences on gene regulation at the transgene locus. This study shows how genetic factors and transgene insertion sites can influence transgene expression with significant consequent effects on phenotype.

Genetically modified growth affects allometry of eye and brain in salmonids

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Devlin ◽  
W.E. Vandersteen ◽  
M. Uh ◽  
E.D. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Eye Growth ◽  
Organ Systems

Effects of growth acceleration on eye development have been examined in genetically modified salmonids. Growth hormone (GH) transgenic coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)) show dramatically elevated overall body growth and an absolute increase in eye size, but relative eye growth is shifted from negatively allometric to more isometric. Thus, transgenic fish possess significantly smaller eyes relative to nontransgenic fish of the same size. Ration-restricted limitation of growth in transgenic salmon to that of wild type restores relative eye growth rate, suggesting that effects on eyes are an indirect consequence of modification of growth rate rather than a direct effect of GH overexpression. Heart, spleen, and liver did not show changes in proportion among groups, whereas total brain size showed the same response as eye. Relative eye and brain size were also reduced in a fast-growing domesticated strain of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)), suggesting modifications of allometry are a more general effect of growth acceleration. GH mRNA levels from the transgene were elevated in eyes, whereas IGF-I mRNA was not, suggesting this organ may be regulated in a different fashion than other organs. Neural tissues with critical structural requirements for optimal function may be subject to less modification of growth rate than are other organ systems.

scholarly journals GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HISTOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF THE HUMPBACK GROUPER JUVENILE (CROMILEPTESALTIVELIS) AFTER TREATED WITH RECOMBINANT GROWTH HORMONE

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Suci Antoro ◽  
M Zairin Junior ◽  
A Alimuddin ◽  
Agus Suprayudi ◽  
Irvan Faizal
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
High Price ◽  
Recombinant Growth Hormone ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Daily Application

Despite as high price consumption fish, humpback grouper grow out take very long time so its culture considered not efficient. Therefore to accelerate its growth rate and make grow out culture more efficient, recombinant Epinepheluslanceolatus growth hormone (rElGH) was applied by oral route. Daily application of rough rElGH at a dose of 5 mg/100 g commercial diet for 42 days resulted significance increase in growth rate compared to control groups. No specific histological damage on kidney, liver and spleen which was attributable to rElGH administration. These results strongly suggested that growth stimulation following oral administration was due to a specific action of rElGH and recombinant GH as mentioned above save for fish consumption. Keywords: growth, histology, humpback grouper, recombinant growth hormone 

Salinity acclimation and advanced parr–smolt transformation in growth-hormone transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 633-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Bystriansky ◽  
W.C. Clarke ◽  
M.M. Alonge ◽  
S.M. Judd ◽  
P.M. Schulte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Group A ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

Growth hormone (GH) is involved in the parr–smolt transformation of salmonid fishes and is known to improve salinity tolerance. This study compared the capacity for seawater acclimation of GH transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)) to that of wild-type fish, allowing examination of responses to sustained (chronic) exposure to elevated GH. GH transgenic fish (GH TG) smolted 1 year in advance of wild-type salmon and showed a greater capacity to hypo-osmoregulate in seawater. As GH TG fish were much larger than the wild-type fish, a second experiment was conducted with three size-matched groups of coho salmon (a 1+-year-old wild-type group, a 1+-year-old ration-restricted GH TG group, and a 0+-year-old fully fed GH TG group). When size-matched, the effect of GH transgenesis was not as dramatic, but the feed-rationed TG1+ group exhibited smaller deviations in plasma ion and osmolality levels following seawater exposure than did the other groups, suggesting a somewhat improved hypo-osmoregulatory ability. These results support a role for GH in the development of seawater tolerance by salmonid fishes independent of fish size.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Estrogen-Dependent Transcription of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Gene Revealed in GnRH Transgenic Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (8) ◽  
pp. 3351-3358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niren R. Thanky ◽  
Ruth Slater ◽  
Allan E. Herbison
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Estrogen Replacement

Abstract The mechanisms through which gonadal steroids exert feedback actions on the activity of the GnRH neurons are not understood. Using a series of GnRH-LacZ transgenic mice we have examined the manner in which gonadal steroids suppress GnRH mRNA expression in male and female mice. The long-term gonadectomy of 5.5-GNZ-3.5 transgenic mice resulted in significant increases in cellular GnRH mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and plasma LH concentrations (P < 0.01) in both sexes. However, cellular levels of LacZ mRNA and β-galactosidase, which provide an index of GnRH gene transcription, were only elevated in males after gonadectomy. This sexually differentiated response was also observed in mice gonadectomized for 2 wk. Estrogen replacement in gonadectomized males returned transgene expression to intact levels. Experiments in transgenic mice with 3′ and 5′ deleted GnRH-LacZ constructs revealed that the suppressive influence of estrogen on LacZ transcription in the male required a critical element located between −5.2 and −1.7 kb of the GnRH promoter. These studies show that the suppression of GnRH mRNA expression by estrogen in the male involves a decrease in GnRH gene transcription that is dependent on a distal GnRH promoter element. The same mechanism does not exist in females, indicating that gonadal steroids suppress GnRH mRNA levels in a sexually dimorphic manner.

scholarly journals Gene Transmission, Growth, and Exogeneous Growth Hormone Expression of G2 Transgenic Betta Fish (Betta imbellis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Nadia Ayuningthias ◽  
Hasan Nasrullah ◽  
Dinar Tri Soelistiyowati ◽  
Eni Kusrini ◽  
Alimuddin Alimuddin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Transgene Detection

Highlight ResearchThe F2 of GH-transgenic B. imbellis was successfully producedThe transgene inheritance by the F2 fish was more than 90%The growth and body size of transgenic fish was significantly higher than controlF2 fish reached a larger body size in a shorter period compared to the F1 AbstractIn our previous research, we had successfully produced G0 and G1 Pangasianodon hypophthalmus growth hormone (PhGH) transgenic B. imbellis, native ornamental betta from Indonesia, which its giant-sized variant has valuable price for the breeders. The G0 and G1 transgenic (TG) fish showed higher growth rate and body size compared to the non-transgenic (NT) fish. The study was aimed to produce and evaluate the consistencies of transgene transmission and expression in G2 generation. The growth rate and body size between TG and NT fish was also compared. The G2 generation was produced using crosses between TG and NT G1 fish: ♂TG × ♀TG, ♂TG × ♀NT, ♂NT × ♀TG, and ♂NT ×♀ NT. Fish were reared for 12 weeks, and transgene detection was performed using the polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) on isolated DNA from the caudal fin clips. The endogenous and exogenous GH expression analysis was conducted using the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method. The results showed that the inheritance of the GH transgene by the G2 fish was more than 90% in all transgenic crosses. Endogenous GH was expressed at the same levels in the brain of TG and NT fish, but the exogenous GH expression was highly detected only in the TG fish. The G2 transgenic fish had a higher specific growth rate, up to 31%, compared to the control. The body length of TG crosses were 23−35% higher and had 111−135% higher body weight compared to NT fish. These results showed a promising approached in mass-producing stable lines of giant-sized betta using the GH-transgenic technology.

Growth-enhanced transgenic salmon can be inferior swimmers

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Farrell ◽  
William Bennett ◽  
Robert H. Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Physiological Fitness

We examined the consequence of remarkably fast growth rates in transgenic fish, using swimming performance as a physiological fitness variable. Substantially faster growth rates were achieved by the insertion of an "all-salmon" growth hormone gene construct in transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). On an absolute speed basis, transgenic fish swam no faster at their critical swimming speed than smaller non-transgenic controls, and much slower than older non-transgenic controls of the same size. Thus, we find a marked trade-off between growth rate and swimming performance, and these results suggest that transgenic fish may be an excellent model to evaluate existing ideas regarding physiological design.

scholarly journals Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) transgenic for a growth hormone gene construct exhibit increased rates of muscle hyperplasia and detectable levels of differential gene expression

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Hill ◽  
Anders Kiessling ◽  
Robert H Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Gene Construct ◽  
Muscle Hyperplasia ◽  
Differential Gene

Transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) containing a growth hormone gene construct were compared with nontransgenic coho salmon in terms of gross anatomy, muscle cellularity, muscle enzyme activity, and differential gene expression. Transgenic fish were found to have significantly higher numbers of small-diameter muscle fibres in both the dorsal and lateral region of the somitic muscle, suggesting that they grow by greater rates of hyperplasia relative to slower growing nontransgenic fish. Higher levels of activity were found for phosphofructokinase and cytochrome oxidase in white muscle of the transgenic fish. This difference indicates a higher glycolytic and aerobic requirement in the muscle of transgenic fish. Subtractive hybridisation of muscle RNA of transgenic fish from control fish provided a library of cDNAs whose expression is upregulated in the transgenic fish. This library contains genes that may be involved in, or related to, both high growth rates and muscle hyperplasia. We have sequenced a number of fragments and have found a preponderance of myosin light chain 2 mRNAs, consistent with a putative high level of expression in the early stages of muscle fibre construction.

scholarly journals Metabolic hormones regulate basal and growth hormone-dependent igf2 mRNA level in primary cultured coho salmon hepatocytes: effects of insulin, glucagon, dexamethasone, and triiodothyronine

2009 ◽  
Vol 204 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Pierce ◽  
J T Dickey ◽  
L Felli ◽  
P Swanson ◽  
W W Dickhoff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Synergistic Regulation ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Stimulation Of

Igf1 and Igf2 stimulate growth and development of vertebrates. Circulating Igfs are produced by the liver. In mammals, Igf1 mediates the postnatal growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (Gh), whereas Igf2 stimulates fetal and placental growth. Hepatic Igf2 production is not regulated by Gh in mammals. Little is known about the regulation of hepatic Igf2 production in nonmammalian vertebrates. We examined the regulation of igf2 mRNA level by metabolic hormones in primary cultured coho salmon hepatocytes. Gh, insulin, the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone (Dex), and glucagon increased igf2 mRNA levels, whereas triiodothyronine (T3) decreased igf2 mRNA levels. Gh stimulated igf2 mRNA at physiological concentrations (0.25×10−9 M and above). Insulin strongly enhanced Gh stimulation of igf2 at low physiological concentrations (10−11 M and above), and increased basal igf2 (10−8 M and above). Dex stimulated basal igf2 at concentrations comparable to those of stressed circulating cortisol (10−8 M and above). Glucagon stimulated basal and Gh-stimulated igf2 at supraphysiological concentrations (10−7 M and above), whereas T3 suppressed basal and Gh-stimulated igf2 at the single concentration tested (10−7 M). These results show that igf2 mRNA level is highly regulated in salmon hepatocytes, suggesting that liver-derived Igf2 plays a significant role in salmon growth physiology. The synergistic regulation of igf2 by insulin and Gh in salmon hepatocytes is similar to the regulation of hepatic Igf1 production in mammals.

scholarly journals Developmental and Evaluation of Advanced Expression Vectors with Both Enhanced Integration and Stable Expression for Transgenic Farmed Fish

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanjiang John Liu ◽  
Rex Dunham ◽  
Boaz Moav
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Expression Vector ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Sleeping Beauty ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Sleeping Beauty Transposon ◽  
Border Elements

The objectives of the project were to develop expression vectors using the Sleeping Beauty transposon technology and the genetic border elements to provide both enhanced integration rate and stable transgene expression, and to evaluate the application of such vectors in farmed fish such as catfish and carp. The panel recommended adding the objective of evaluating the endogenous transposable elements, particularly in catfish, in order to evaluate the applicability of the expression vectors while reduc1ng efforts in real production of transgenic fish considering the focus of the project was to develop the vector and evaluation of its applicability, not producing transgenic fish. Efficient production of transgenic farmed fish is hindered by two major problems: mosaicism due to delayed integration after single-cell stage, and silencing of transgene expression. In this project, we proposed to combat these problems by coupling the Sleeping Beauty transposon technology that can enhance integration rate and the border elements that can insulate transgene from position effect. Our major objective was to develop a new generation of expression vector that contains both of these elements. We have developed expression vectors containing both the Sleeping Beauty transposon signals, inverted repeats and direct repeats (IR and DR, respectively), and the border elements, scs and scs'. Growth hormone minigene has been cloned into this vector for applications of such vectors in growth enhancement. Luc reporter gene has been also cloned into this vector cascades for relative easy evaluation of transgene expression. Transgenic fish have been produced using these expression vectors in both catfish (US) and carp (Israel). Much effort was also devoted to evaluation of the endogenous transposable elements in catfish as recommended by the BARD grant panel. Multiple families of Tcl-like transposons were identified from catfish. Surprisingly, many Tc I-related transcripts were identified. Among these transcripts, both the sense and antisense transcripts were present. Some of the transcripts may be useful for development of novel transposase-based technology for aquaculture applications in the future. This project has both scientific and aquaculture implications. First, to develop expression vectors containing both IR/DR and scs/scs' repeated elements have been reported being extremely technically difficult due to excision of the repeated sequences by the E. coli host during cloning processes. We have successfully constructed this advanced vector that contained very complex cascades for both gene integration and gene regulation. We have produced transgenic fish using such vectors. This advanced expression vector should be useful for production of transgenic fish. By simply replacing the growth hormone gene, any gene of interest can be readily inserted in this vector. Thus this vector should provide technological possibility for early integration and stable expression of any economically important genes in aquaculture. We have also evaluated the applications of the Sleeping Beauty-based vectors in terms of the impact of gene size and found that the size of trans gene drastically affects transposition. The system will be only useful for transferring genes smaller than 5.6 kb. We have also identified novel transposase-related transcripts that may be useful for the development of novel transposase-based technologies for general scientific research and for aquaculture applications.  

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