scholarly journals Optimal Population Policy with Health Care and Lethal Pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Lehmijoki ◽  
Tapio Palokangas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Social Optimum ◽  
Private Health Care ◽  
Pigouvian Tax ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Optimal Population ◽  
The Government

AbstractOptimal population policy is examined in the following setup. Families invest in capital, spend on health care and determine their number of children. Firms produce output from labor, capital and pollutants. Pollution increases, but private and public health care decrease mortality dynamically, with lags. Our main findings are the following. A marginal increase in public health care improves welfare as long as it diminishes the mortality rate more than that in private health care. The government can decentralize the social optimum by a parental tax on newborns and a Pigouvian tax on pollutants. Private health care should not be taxed.

scholarly journals How is organisational fit addressed in Australian entry level midwifery job advertisements

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne Bloxsome ◽  
Courtney Glass ◽  
Sara Bayes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Job Retention ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Private Health Care ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Job Advertisements

Abstract Background Midwifery job retention is an ongoing global issue. Prior research has recognised that considering an individual’s attributes in relation to their work environment may assist in improving job satisfaction among midwives, leading to improved long-term job retention in the midwifery profession. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether, and how organisational fit is addressed in current entry level midwifery job advertisements within Australia. Methods Midwifery jobs were searched for within 12 search engines, using the search term ‘midwife’, including Seek.com, Indeed.com, government employment websites for all Australian states and territories, and private health organisation websites. Data were extracted from eligible job advertisements by three independent researchers. Extracted data encompassed elements addressing person-job fit and person-organisation fit. Content analysis involving chi-square and Fischer exact tests were completed on extracted data. Results Key findings demonstrate private health care organisations (29.2%) are more likely than public health care organisations (8.8%) to ask potential candidates to have additional qualifications, however, public health care organisations (34.1% vs. 16.7%) are more likely to ask for dual registration as a midwife and nurse. This is further supported by private health care organisations being more likely to refer to the candidate as a midwife (72.9% vs. 48.4%) than as a nurse. Private health care organisations more often noted access to support for employees and were more likely to mention access to employee assistance programs (41.7% vs. 13.2%), orientations (16.7% vs. 0%) and included benefits (72.9% vs. 42.9%). Clinical skills and personality traits were more frequently addressed in public health organisation advertisements; these included a requirement of employees to be accountable (49.5% vs. 6.3%), innovative (28.6% vs. 0%), have teamwork (69.2% vs. 52.1%) and conflict resolution skills (36.3% vs. 8.3%), and have knowledge of legislation (44.0% vs. 25.0%) and contemporary midwifery issues (28.6% vs. 4.2%). Conclusion This study highlights that organisations employing midwives may be unwittingly contributing to the problem of midwife attrition through inattention to factors that endear midwives to workplaces in job advertisements. Further work developing employee selection and recruitment processes that are informed by the concept of person-job-organisation fit, is necessary.

scholarly journals MEMAKNAI PENTINGNYA PERAWATAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS HIDUP

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Dwi Sogi Sri Redjeki
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Professional Health ◽  
The Government

 Latar belakang: Pembangunan perawatan kesehatan merupakan bentuk aktivitas dalam rangka mengisi kemerdekaan bangsa supaya dapat mewujudkan masyarakat yang sehat dan kuat. Salah satunya adalah dengan melakukan penyelenggaraan pelayanan kesehatan. Pelayanan kesehatan adalah sebuah kegiatan yang diberikan kepada individu maupun masyarakat oleh pemerintah dengan tujuan untuk mencegah dan menyembuhkan penyakit individu maupun masyarakat.Tujuan: Perawatan kesehatan masyarakat mengacu pada kemampuan untuk: a) membuat dan memelihara hubungan dengan orang lain; b) berinteraksi dengan baik dengan orang-orang dan lingkungan, sehingga dengan pemahaman kesehatan tersebut dapat menunjukkan kemampuan untuk beradaptasi dengan lingkungan yang berubah serta bertujuan memberikan pemaknaan sebagai kemampuan seseorang untuk berpikir secara konkrit, obyektif dalam norma dan kepatutan yang layak dalam sebuah atau suatu sistem (misal: keluarga, atau masyarakat) dalam rangka untuk merespons secara adaptif terhadap berbagai tantangan lingkungan. Metode: Penulisan ilmiah ini dilakukan dengan melakukan analisa akademik dari aspek berbagai sumber rujukan relevan sehingga menemukan makna teoritis baru dalam rangka menjawab tantangan perawatan kesehatan yang terjadi di masyarakat.Hasil: Paradigma perawatan kesehatan masyarakat merupakan suatu strategi baru pembangunan kesehatan yang memandang masalah kesehatan sebagai suatu variable kontinyu, direncanakan dalam suatu sistem desentralisasi, dengan kegiatan pelayanan yang senantiasa bersifat promotif untuk mengentaskan kesehatan masyarkat, oleh tenaga kesehatan professional bersama masyarakat yang partisipatif. Kata kunci: perawatgan kesehatan, kesehatan masyarakat, hidup sehat AbstractBackground: Health care development is a form of activity to fill the nation's independence which has a role to create a healthy and strong society. One of them is by conducting health services. Health service is an activity provided to individuals and communities by the government to prevent and cure individual and community diseases. Purpose: Public health care refers to the ability to: a) make and maintain relationships with others; b) interacts well with people and the environment, so that understanding of health can demonstrate the ability to adapt to a changing environment and aims to provide meaning as a person's ability to think concretely, objectively inappropriate norms and appropriateness in a system or system (e.g. family, or community) to respond adaptively to various environmental challenges. Method: This scientific paper is carried out by conducting academic analysis from various aspects of relevant reference sources to find new theoretical meaning to answer the challenges of health care that occur in society. Results: The public health paradigm is a new health development strategy that views health issues as a continuous variable, planned in a decentralized system, with service activities that are always promotive to alleviate public health, by professional health workers together with participatory communities. Keywords: health care, public health, healthy living 

scholarly journals Understanding the Puzzle of Primary Health-care Use: Evidence from India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Kumar Sur
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Health Care Use ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Private Health Care ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Primary Health

In India, households' use of primary health-care services presents a puzzle. Even though most private health-care providers have no formal medical qualifications, a significant fraction of households use fee-charging private health-care services, which are not covered by insurance. Although the absence of public health-care providers could partially explain the high use of the private sector, this cannot be the only explanation. The private share of health-care use is even higher in markets where qualified doctors offer free care through public clinics; despite this free service, the majority of health-care visits are made to providers with no formal medical qualifications. This paper examines the reasons for the existence of this puzzle in India. Combining contemporary household-level data with archival records, I examine the aggressive family planning program implemented during the emergency rule in the 1970s and explore whether the coercion, disinformation, and carelessness involved in implementing the program could partly explain the puzzle. Exploiting the timing of the emergency rule, state-level variation in the number of sterilizations, and an instrumental variable approach, I show that the states heavily affected by the sterilization policy have a lower level of public health-care usage today. I demonstrate the mechanism for this practice by showing that the states heavily affected by forced sterilizations have a lower level of confidence in government hospitals and doctors and a higher level of confidence in private hospitals and doctors in providing good treatment.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Schools, Age Groups, and Virus Variants in Italy

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Giovanni Sebastiani ◽  
Giorgio Palù
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Smooth Curve ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Government

The estimated smooth curve of the percentage of subjects positive to SARS-CoV-2 started decreasing in Italy at the beginning of January 2021, due to the government containment measures undertaken from Christmas until 7 January. Approximately two weeks after releasing the measures, the curve stopped to decrease and remained approximately constant for four weeks to increase again in the middle of February. This epidemic phase had a public health care impact since, from the beginning of the fourth week of February, the curve of the intensive care unit’s occupancy started to grow. This wave of infection was characterized by the presence of new virus variants, with a higher than 80% dominance of the so-called “English” variant, since 15 April. School activities in Italy started at different times from 7 January until 8 February, depending on every region’s decision. Our present data on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in different age groups in Italy are in agreement with literature reports showing that subjects older than 10 years are involved in virus transmission. More importantly, we provide evidence to support the hypothesis that also individuals of age 0–9 years can significantly contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

The untold story of plight of Ayurveda in pre and post-independent India

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Shriram Savrikar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Health Care Sector ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Unethical Practices ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medicine Today ◽  
Population Ratio

India will exceed WHO recommended Doctor: population ratio of 1:1000 in 2024 with only MBBS doctors. Thereafter 8 lac registered ISM&H doctors will become surplus. They will have no place to go and no means to survive. Otherwise also as a doctor they were never a part of modern medicine oriented public health care sector. Occasionally whenever they are entertained in this sector, care is taken to keep their status and wages lower than that of a nursing personnel. Delivery of Ayurveda services was never allowed through public health care sector since pre-independence. The script of this neglect was written by Bhore committee in 1946. The Indian administrators in post-independent India, followed the same script. Outside the government, in absence of clear policy on permission or prohibition to practice modern medicine, and without any appropriate training, Ayurveda practitioners, facing occasional prosecutions, continued to practice modern medicine. Today their fate remains undecided. Still 50000+ ISM&H graduates come out every year from Universities to try their luck. This is totally unethical on the part of every responsible Indian and the concerned authorities. This is amounting to mass unemployment and frustration among this youth power. Prohibition on delivery of Ayurveda service through public health service, keeping ambiguity on the issue of permission or prohibition of practice of modern medicine by Ayurveda practitioner, allowing exposure of people to Ayurveda practitioners for receiving modern medicine treatment, when the Ayurveda practitioner is not trained for delivery of such service and allowing exponential increase in number of ISM&H practitioners to the tune of 52000 every year in absence of assured survival means; all these activities are extremely unethical on the part of government authorities. Immediate steps need to be taken to stop these unethical practices and save this deterioration and plight of Ayurveda.

Spain's COVID-19 situation is particularly precarious

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parliamentary Support ◽  
The Eu

Significance The lack of coordination between regions, an inefficient system of testing and tracing and the rapid reopening of society and the economy have contributed to this poor performance. However, the number of deaths has not increased significantly, sparing the healthcare system from the pressure it faced earlier this year. Impacts The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Spain's economy will prompt Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez to seek more assistance from the EU. The government can no longer expect parliamentary support from the Republican Left of Catalonia party. Pressures to expand investment in public health care will grow, but resource constraints will limit the government's response.

scholarly journals How is Organisational Fit Addressed in Australian Entry Level Midwifery Job Advertisements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne Bloxsome ◽  
Courtney Glass ◽  
Sara Bayes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Job Retention ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Private Health Care ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
Job Advertisements

Abstract Background Midwifery job retention is an ongoing global issue. Prior research has recognised that considering an individual’s attributes in relation to their work environment may assist in improving job satisfaction among midwives, leading to improved long-term job retention in the midwifery profession. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether, and how organisational fit is addressed in current entry level midwifery job advertisements within Australia. Methods Midwifery jobs were searched for within 12 search engines, using the search term ‘midwife’, including Seek.com, Indeed.com, government employment websites for all Australian states and territories, and private health organisation websites. Data were extracted from eligible job advertisements by three independent researchers. Extracted data encompassed elements addressing person-job fit and person-organisation fit. Content analysis involving chi-square and Fischer exact tests were completed on extracted data. Results Key findings demonstrate private health care organisations (29.2%) are more likely than public health care organisations (8.8%) to ask potential candidates to have additional qualifications, however, public health care organisations (34.1% vs. 16.7%) are more likely to ask for dual registration as a midwife and nurse. This is further supported by private health care organisations being more likely to refer to the candidate as a midwife (72.9% vs. 48.4%) than as a nurse. Private health care organisations more often noted access to support for employees and were more likely to mention access to employee assistance programs (41.7% vs. 13.2%), orientations (16.7% vs. 0%) and included benefits (72.9% vs. 42.9%). Clinical skills and personality traits were more frequently addressed in public health organisation advertisements; these included a requirement of employees to be accountable (49.5% vs. 6.3%), innovative (28.6% vs. 0%), have teamwork (69.2% vs. 52.1%) and conflict resolution skills (36.3% vs. 8.3%), and have knowledge of legislation (44.0% vs. 25.0%) and contemporary midwifery issues (28.6% vs. 4.2%). Conclusion This study highlights that organisations employing midwives may be unwittingly contributing to the problem of midwife attrition through inattention to factors that endear midwives to workplaces in job advertisements. Further work developing employee selection and recruitment processes that are informed by the concept of person-job-organisation fit, is necessary.

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