Planning for restorative forests: describing stress-reducing qualities of forest stands using available forest stand data

Abstract Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is one of the most innovative remote sensing tools with a recognized important utility for characterizing forest stands. Currently, the most common ALS-based method applied in the estimation of forest stand characteristics is the area-based approach (ABA). The aim of this study was to analyse how three ABA methods affect growing stock volume (GSV) estimates at the sample plot and forest stand levels. We examined (1) an ABA with point cloud metrics, (2) an ABA with canopy height model (CHM) metrics and (3) an ABA with aggregated individual tree CHM-based metrics. What is more, three different modelling techniques: multiple linear regression, boosted regression trees and random forest, were applied to all ABA methods, which yielded a total of nine combinations to report. An important element of this work is also the empirical verification of the methods for estimating the GSV error for individual forest stand. All nine combinations of the ABA methods and different modelling techniques yielded very similar predictions of GSV for both sample plots and forest stands. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of estimated GSV ranged from 75 to 85 m3 ha−1 (RMSE% = 20.5–23.4 per cent) and from 57 to 64 m3 ha−1 (RMSE% = 16.4–18.3 per cent) for plots and stands, respectively. As a result of the research, it can be concluded that GSV modelling with the use of different ALS processing approaches and statistical methods leads to very similar results. Therefore, the choice of a GSV prediction method may be more determined by the availability of data and competences than by the requirement to use a particular method.

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The optimal rotation of a flammable forest stand

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x80-006 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 30-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

D. L. Martell

Keyword(s):

Stochastic Model ◽

Fire Management ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Timber Production ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Rotation Interval ◽

Optimal Rotation

The author describes a stochastic model of forest stand rotation which can be used to determine the optimal planned rotation interval for flammable forest stands. The model can also be used to estimate the value of fire management activities in terms of the potential enhanced value of timber production. The use of the model is illustrated by applying it to a simplified case of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana, Lamb.) management.

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Structure and development of forest stands on permanent research plots in the Krkonoše Mts.

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/73/2010-jfs ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 518-530

Author(s):

S. Vacek ◽

Z. Vacek ◽

L. Bílek ◽

I. Nosková ◽

O. Schwarz

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Tree Species ◽

Vertical Structure ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Vegetation Zone ◽

Aggregation Index ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Results Management ◽

Management Recommendations

The research is focused on structure and development of forest stands from 5th to 8th forest vegetation zone in the Krkono&scaron;e Mts. The forest stand diversity according to tree species composition and representation, horizontal and vertical structure was evaluated by using following indices: Clark-Evans aggregation index (Clark, Evans 1954), standardised Arten-profil index (Pretsch 2005) and index of complex diversity after Jaehne, Dohrenbusch (1997). Growth model SIBYLA (Fabrika, Ďurský 2005) was used for visualizations and growth predictions of forest stands on particular plots. Based on research results, management recommendations were evaluated.

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Features of structure of radical darkconiferous forest stands of Vishera Nature Reserve

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2019.227.19-33 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ю.М. Алесенков ◽

М.В. Ермакова

Keyword(s):

Nature Reserve ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Forest Vegetation ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Pedigree Structure ◽

National Nature Reserve ◽

Northern Urals ◽

Natural Factors ◽

Standard Techniques ◽

Diameter Classes

On the basis of the standard techniques the pedigree structure of forest stands and distribution of trees on diameter of climax darkconiferous stands of the Vishera national Nature Reserve located in the northeast of Perm District (Northern Urals) is studied and analysed. It is established that the wood layer of the explored climax darkconiferous forests of Northern Urals has multispecies structure. At domination of a spruce fir and the fir (up to 5 units) and, substantially a birch and, also participates, the cedar. In type of the wood Firspruce fernytallgrass as the as a part of a forest stand there is a rowan. Both lowproductive, and highly productive forest stands are formed. In a structure of forest stands of the darkconiferos woods of Vishera Nature Reserve the considerable variation of trees on diameter caused both by forest vegetation conditions of plantings, and influence of negative natural factors the periodic local fires and a windfall is revealed. Distribution of trees on diameter in forest stands, except for postwindfall, is well approximated by the equations of the 2nd order. Distribution of trees on diameter in postwindfall darkconiferous community is best of all described by the equation of the 4th order. The considerable righthand asymmetry of distribution of trees on diameter for all studied forest stands, and, in particular, the affected local fires or a windfall is noted. Such distribution of trees on diameter classes of a trunk reflects processes of natural renewal and development of forest stands, long on time. The revealed features of distribution of trees on pedigree structure and of diameter classes in the studied radical forest stands demonstrate that even in the conditions of influence of negative natural factors processes of natural renewal in general, provide maintenance of multispecies structure of radical plantings. However, impact of the periodic local fires negatively affects renewal of a cedar.

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Using portable laser EDM for forest traverse surveys

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x95-083 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 753-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C.J. Liu

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Field Measurement ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Distance Measurement ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Laser Technology ◽

Electronic Distance Measurement ◽

Area Determination

A new electronic distance measurement (EDM) device that utilizes laser technology for tree measurement and surveying was used to study traverse surveys of forest stands. Experimental tests demonstrated that the laser EDM device afforded (1) an allowable angular closure error of 3°, (2) an average linear closure precision of 1/550 for a bidirectional traverse and of 1/470 for a unidirectional traverse, (3) an average traversing speed of 0.25 mi/h (0.40 km/h) for bidirectional traverses, and (4) an average surveying rate of 6 acres/h (2.4 ha/h). The study also showed that (1) the digital laser EDM device was 10 times more cost effective than the traditional analogous surveying equipment and (2) a unidirectional traverse is, on the average, 1.5 times more effective than a bidirectional traverse. Additional analyses revealed that the interior angle adjustment (IAA) procedure consistently altered the shape of the stand and changed the stand area. These findings led to several suggestions: (1) the laser EDM device should be adopted for forest stand traverse surveys because it is easy to use, accurate, and cost effective; (2) the routine of taking backsight in field measurement provides little gain in accuracy in stand area determination and should be exercised only when local magnetic interference is expected to adversely affect compass accuracy; and (3) the conventional practice of IAA prior to balancing the traverse should not be exercised, since this procedure has adverse effects on mapping and area determination.

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Regeneration under a shelterwood system of spruce-dominated forest stands at middle altitudes

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/2085-jfs ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 467-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Souček

Keyword(s):

Forest Stand ◽

Control Plot ◽

Annual Rings ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Diameter Increment ◽

Varied Structure ◽

Mature Stand ◽

Commercial Species ◽

Stand Characteristics

An experiment with regeneration under the shelterwood of spruce-dominated mature stand was established at middle altitudes of the Žďárské vrchy Hills in 1971. The paper brings a comparison of the development of basic forest stand characteristics for the plot under shelterwood and for the control plot. Analyses of annual rings demonstrated a higher diameter increment of sample trees on the plot under shelterwood, a more pronounced increase in the increment being however observed only 12 years after release. A subsequent forest from the combined regeneration occurs on 88% of the plot under shelterwood and on 67% of the control plot. The required proportion of beech and fir is established on both plots with spruce as the main commercial species having been retained. The subsequent forest stand is differentiated in terms of height and diameter and the two plots exhibit a rather varied structure.

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Clearcut harvesting and ectomycorrhizae: survival of activity on residual roots and influence on a bordering forest stand in western Montana

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x80-051 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 300-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

A. E. Harvey ◽

M. F. Jurgensen ◽

M. J. Larsen

Keyword(s):

Forest Stand ◽

Tree Regeneration ◽

Western Montana ◽

Burned Area ◽

Fungal Mycelium ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Area Effects ◽

Clearcut Harvesting ◽

Ectomycorrhizal Roots

Low numbers of active ectomycorrhizal roots persisted until July in forest stands that had been clearcut the preceding October. Two years after clearcutting, active ectomycorrhizal roots supported by an adjacent, uncut stand were found only 1.5 m into a clearcut, broadcast burned area. Effects of the clearcut burn reduced ectomycorrhizal activity for at least 7.6 m into the adjacent uncut stand. Taking advantage of the residual ectomycorrhizal mycelium in fall clearcuts requires that outplanting must be accomplished before July of the following season. Active fungal mycelium from roots of an adjacent stand will be of limited help to the rapid establishment of ectomycorrhizae on tree regeneration in broadcast burned clearcuts.

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Determining basic forest stand characteristics using airborne laser scanning in mixed forest stands of Central Europe

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry ◽

10.3832/ifor2520-010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 181-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R Smreček ◽

Z Michnová ◽

I Sačkov ◽

Z Danihelová ◽

M Levická ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Airborne Laser Scanning ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Airborne Laser ◽

Stand Characteristics

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Tree- and Stand-Level Biomass Estimation in a Larix decidua Mill. Chronosequence

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9100587 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 587 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Andrzej Jagodziński ◽

Marcin Dyderski ◽

Kamil Gęsikiewicz ◽

Paweł Horodecki

Keyword(s):

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Biomass Conversion ◽

Basal Area ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Larix Decidua ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Stem Volume ◽

Stand Age ◽

Biomass Estimation ◽

Forest Stands

Carbon pool assessments in forests is one of the most important tasks of forest ecology. Despite the wide cultivation range, and economical and traditional importance, the aboveground biomass of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stands is poorly characterized. To increase knowledge about forest biomass accumulation and to provide a set of tools for aboveground biomass estimation, we studied a chronosequence of 12 larch forest stands (7–120 years old). From these stands, we measured the biomass of 96 sample trees ranging from 1.9 to 57.9 cm in diameter at breast height. We provided age-specific and generalized allometric equations, biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEFs) and biomass models based on forest stand characteristics. Aboveground biomass of stands ranged from 4.46 (7-year-old forest stand) to 445.76 Mg ha−1 (106-year-old). Stand biomass increased with increasing stand age, basal area, mean diameter, height and total stem volume and decreased with increasing density. BCEFs of the aboveground biomass and stem were almost constant (mean BCEFs of 0.4688 and 0.3833 Mg m−3, respectively). Our generalized models at the tree and stand level had lower bias in predicting the biomass of the forest stands studied, than other published models. The set of tools provided fills the gap in biomass estimation caused by the low number of studies on larch biomass, which allows for better estimation of forest carbon pools.

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Changes in the Species Composition of Elms (Ulmus spp.) in Poland

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10111008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1008

Author(s):

Anna Napierała-Filipiak ◽

Maciej Filipiak ◽

Piotr Łakomy

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Human Activity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Field Research ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Species Level ◽

Dutch Elm Disease ◽

Published Data ◽

Forest Stands ◽

The Past

In nearly 600 randomly selected forest stands including elms (Ulmus spp.), we conducted field research to identify them to species level and to find trees showing symptoms of Dutch elm disease (DED). The presented data show that all the 3 native elms (U. glabra, U. laevis, and U. minor) still exist in the whole ranges of their distribution in Poland reported earlier, but their role as forest-forming species has changed. In comparison to published data, the contribution of U. minor has markedly decreased, while an increased contribution was observed in the case of U. laevis, a species which in the past was predominantly located out of woodland and was rarely cultivated. In mountains, where the most frequent is U. glabra, the contribution of elms to forest stands is currently clearly lower than in the lowlands and uplands of Poland. The observed changes most probably result from Dutch elm disease. It cannot be excluded that the changes are at least partly linked with natural correction of forest stand composition modified earlier by human activity (silviculture). In all parts of Poland, trees with symptoms of Dutch elm disease are found, but large-scale decline (of a majority of elm trees) is observed only in about 1.5% of the directly investigated localities.

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