scholarly journals A new taper index based on form-factor: application to three bamboo species (Phyllostachys spp.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Inoue ◽  
Motohiro Sato ◽  
Hiroyuki Shima
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
Stem Surface Area ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe form-factor for the stem surface area is directly proportional to the square root of the form-factor for the stem volume, i.e., the square root law of the form-factor. Although the square root law addresses the stems of coniferous trees, the nature of the proportional coefficient of the law has not been discussed. In this study, we demonstrated that the coefficient indicates the stem taper; therefore, it is named “Taper Index based on Form-Factor (TIFF).” We also examined the relationship between the form-factor for the culm surface area and the form-factor for the apparent culm volume of 570 culms across three bamboo species (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houz., P. bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc., and P. nigra var. henonis). The square root law held true for all three bamboo species. The species-specific TIFF was determined to be 0.873 for P. pubescens, 0.897 for P. bambusoides, and 0.901 for P. nigra. This result implied that P. pubescens had a more tapering culm form compared to the other two species, while culm taper was similar between P. bambusoides and P. nigra. Our findings align with empirical observations of the culm taper of the bamboo species. Intra-species variation in TIFF was considerably small, allowing us to evaluate the species-specific culm taper from a small number of samples. Therefore, we conclude that TIFF provides a simple and useful method for quantifying species-specific culm or stem taper, and facilitates the estimation of merchantable or total volume.

The Estimation of Stem Volume for Pinus thunbergii by Coast using Kozak’s Stem Taper Model in Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeongmo Son ◽  
Jinteak Kang ◽  
Juhyeon Jeon ◽  
Chiung Ko
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
Taper Model

scholarly journals Across-species differences in pitch perception are consistent with differences in cochlear filtering

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry MM Walker ◽  
Ray Gonzalez ◽  
Joe Z Kang ◽  
Josh H McDermott ◽  
Andrew J King
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Auditory Periphery ◽  
Cochlear Tuning ◽  
Animal Vocalizations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Relative Salience

Pitch perception is critical for recognizing speech, music and animal vocalizations, but its neurobiological basis remains unsettled, in part because of divergent results across species. We investigated whether species-specific differences exist in the cues used to perceive pitch and whether these can be accounted for by differences in the auditory periphery. Ferrets accurately generalized pitch discriminations to untrained stimuli whenever temporal envelope cues were robust in the probe sounds, but not when resolved harmonics were the main available cue. By contrast, human listeners exhibited the opposite pattern of results on an analogous task, consistent with previous studies. Simulated cochlear responses in the two species suggest that differences in the relative salience of the two pitch cues can be attributed to differences in cochlear filter bandwidths. The results support the view that cross-species variation in pitch perception reflects the constraints of estimating a sound’s fundamental frequency given species-specific cochlear tuning.

scholarly journals Individual Plant Allometric Equations for Estimating Aboveground Biomass and Its Components for a Common Bamboo Species (Bambusa procera A. Chev. and A. Camus) in Tropical Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao Huy ◽  
Giang Thanh ◽  
Krishna Poudel ◽  
Hailemariam Temesgen
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Species Specific

Bamboo forests play an important role in achieving the objectives of the United Nations program on Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. We developed and validated a modeling system that simultaneously estimate aboveground biomass and its components for a common bamboo species (Bambusa procera A. Chev. and A. Camus) in tropical forests. Eighty-three bamboo culms were destructively sampled from seventeen 100 m2 sample plots located in different parts of the Central Highlands in Viet Nam to obtain total plant aboveground biomass (AGB) and its components. We examined the performance of weighted nonlinear models fit by maximum likelihood and weighted nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression fit by generalized least squares for predicting bamboo biomass. The simultaneous estimation of AGB and its components produced higher reliability than the models of components and total developed separately. With a large number of bamboo species, it may not be feasible to develop species- specific biomass models, hence genus-specific allometric models may be considered.

Relationships between crown dimensions and stem development in Fraxinusexcelsior

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Ottorini ◽  
Noël Le Goff ◽  
Catherine Cluzeau
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Branching Angle ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Stem Surface Area

In this study, the relationships between crown development and stem volume increment of ash (Fraxinusexcelsior L.) were considered in the framework of a project where modelling and computer simulation should be used to gain insight into the dynamics of even-aged ash stands. Twenty trees, of various development stages and competition status, were felled and subjected to stem and branch analysis. The relationships established in a previous study between stem elongation, branch growth, and branching angle (based on these measurements), together with the characteristic pattern of variation of stem cross-sectional area increment along the stem (Pressler's Law), allowed the reconstruction of the past development of tree crowns. The quantity of foliage in tree crowns was estimated by a "foliar volume" calculated as the product of crown surface projection area and height growth, for each growing year considered. This foliar volume was used together with a relative foliar volume based on the stem surface area to obtain a prediction equation for annual stem volume increment.

Development of Local Stem Volume Table for Larix kaempferi using Kozak’s Stem Taper Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Taek Kang ◽  
Yeong-Mo Son ◽  
So-Won Kim ◽  
Hyun Park ◽  
Jeong-Sun Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Volume ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Volume Table ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
Taper Model

scholarly journals The molecular forms of BMP15 in a range of mammalian species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gene Swinerd
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Fair Representation ◽  
Predominant Form ◽  
Species Specific

<p>BMP15 is an oocyte-secreted growth factor that is critical for ovarian follicular development and fertility in mammals. To improve our understanding of the species-specific effects of BMP15 on fertility, the aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular forms of BMP15 in mammals with high (rat and pigs) and low (sheep and deer) litter sizes. Western blotting experiments were undertaken using a monoclonal antibody directed against a semi-conserved area on the mature region of E.coli-expressed ovine BMP15.  Within the oocyte lysate of all species tested, the predominant form was promature BMP15, although mature BMP15 was also present. Within oocyte-conditioned media of sheep, pigs and deer, the promature:mature BMP15 ratio dropped significantly from what was seen inside the oocyte, with promature BMP15 only slightly predominant in deer, and relatively equal amounts of each protein were present in pigs and sheep. No BMP15 was detected in the oocyte-conditioned media of rats. Cross-linking studies did not provide any evidence of BMP15/BMP15 homodimers or BMP15/GDF9 heterodimers in any species tested.  Intra-oocyte levels of both promature and mature BMP15, from highest to lowest, were detected in deer, followed by sheep and pigs (similar), and then rats (significantly lower). In the oocyte-conditioned media, with the exception of the rat where BMP15 was absent, there was a similar pattern of promature BMP15 levels observed between species, whereas mature BMP15 levels showed no inter-species variation.  In summary, the molecular forms and relative amounts of BMP15 protein differ across species. Generally, high BMP15 levels were associated with low litter size; however the pig is an exception. Furthermore, the molecular forms observed in this study differed from those reported in studies using recombinant BMP15 suggesting that recombinantly-expressed protein may not provide a fair representation of native BMP15.</p>

scholarly journals Estimating stem volume using stem taper equation for Quercus mongolica in South Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiung Ko ◽  
Jin Taek Kang ◽  
Yeong Mo Son ◽  
Dong-Geun Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Quercus Mongolica ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
Taper Equation
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