Modelling large timescale and small timescale service variability

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

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The Application of Hemospray in Gastrointestinal Bleeding during Emergency Endoscopy

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2017/3083481 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Alexander F. Hagel ◽

Heinz Albrecht ◽

Andreas Nägel ◽

Francesco Vitali ◽

Marcel Vetter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽

Salvage Therapy ◽

Previous Treatment ◽

Long Term Results ◽

Emergency Endoscopy ◽

Short Term ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Lower Endoscopy

Introduction. Gastrointestinal bleeding represents the main indication for emergency endoscopy (EE). Lately, several hemostatic powders have been released to facilitate EE.Methods. We evaluated all EE in which Hemospray was used as primary or salvage therapy, with regard to short- and long-term hemostasis and complications.Results. We conducted 677 EE in 474 patients (488 examinations in 344 patients were upper GI endoscopies). Hemospray was applied during 35 examinations in 27 patients (19 males), 33 during upper and 2 during lower endoscopy. It was used after previous treatment in 21 examinations (60%) and in 14 (40%) as salvage therapy. Short-term success was reached in 34 of 35 applications (97.1%), while long-term success occurred in 23 applications (65.7%). Similar long-term results were found after primary application (64,3%) or salvage therapy (66,7%). Rebleeding was found in malignant and extended ulcers. One major adverse event (2.8%) occurred with gastric perforation after Hemospray application.Discussion. Hemospray achieved short-term hemostasis in virtually all cases. The long-term effect is mainly determined by the type of bleeding source, but not whether it was applied as first line or salvage therapy. But, even in the failures, patients had benefit from hemodynamic stabilization and consecutive interventions in optimized conditions.

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On the Correspondence between Mean Forecast Errors and Climate Errors in CMIP5 Models

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-13-00474.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 1781-1798 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

H.-Y. Ma ◽

S. Xie ◽

S. A. Klein ◽

K. D. Williams ◽

J. S. Boyle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Climate Models ◽

Systematic Errors ◽

Cmip5 Models ◽

Model Intercomparison ◽

Short Term ◽

Climate Simulations ◽

Intercomparison Project ◽

Short And Long Term

Abstract The present study examines the correspondence between short- and long-term systematic errors in five atmospheric models by comparing the 16 five-day hindcast ensembles from the Transpose Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II (Transpose-AMIP II) for July–August 2009 (short term) to the climate simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and AMIP for the June–August mean conditions of the years of 1979–2008 (long term). Because the short-term hindcasts were conducted with identical climate models used in the CMIP5/AMIP simulations, one can diagnose over what time scale systematic errors in these climate simulations develop, thus yielding insights into their origin through a seamless modeling approach. The analysis suggests that most systematic errors of precipitation, clouds, and radiation processes in the long-term climate runs are present by day 5 in ensemble average hindcasts in all models. Errors typically saturate after few days of hindcasts with amplitudes comparable to the climate errors, and the impacts of initial conditions on the simulated ensemble mean errors are relatively small. This robust bias correspondence suggests that these systematic errors across different models likely are initiated by model parameterizations since the atmospheric large-scale states remain close to observations in the first 2–3 days. However, biases associated with model physics can have impacts on the large-scale states by day 5, such as zonal winds, 2-m temperature, and sea level pressure, and the analysis further indicates a good correspondence between short- and long-term biases for these large-scale states. Therefore, improving individual model parameterizations in the hindcast mode could lead to the improvement of most climate models in simulating their climate mean state and potentially their future projections.

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Evaluation of Triploid Oysters as a Tool to assess Short- and Long-term Seafood Contamination of Oil Spill-impacted Areas

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1958 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 (1) ◽

pp. 1958-1971

Author(s):

M. Scott Miles ◽

Ronald F. Malone ◽

John E. Supan

Keyword(s):

Crassostrea Virginica ◽

Oil Spill ◽

Large Scale ◽

Deepwater Horizon ◽

Ecological Impacts ◽

Short Term ◽

Chemical Spills ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

South Louisiana

ABSTRACT The objective of this field and laboratory study was to evaluate the use of triploid Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, as a bioindicator of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in oil spill-impacted areas. Bivalve mollusks have shown to be valuable tools for assessing the short-term (weeks to months) bioavailability and impact of hydrophobic contaminants following oil and chemical spills. Approximately 1-year after the initial Deepwater Horizon spill, PAH concentrations were measured in sediment and caged oysters at sites within the Northern Barataria Bay. Two (2) seven-week large-scale mesocosm studies were conducted with diploid and triploid oysters to assess the effects of multiple whole South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil concentrations and seasonal water temperature variation on the PAH bioaccumulation and depuration rates within the test populations. Tissue analyses from the mesocosm study showed that PAH concentrations were generally higher and less variable in triploids than diploids. The studies showed that triploid Crassostrea virginica can be an appropriate organism to serve as a bioindicator of PAH contamination as they are abundant, stationary filter-feeders that provide ample tissue for analysis, and accumulate PAHs in response to contamination. Although diploid oysters are more representative of ecological impacts, triploid oysters are the only ploidy to have the capability to accurately assess oil and chemical spill impacts during oyster breeding season.

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Ban, Boom, and Echo! Entrepreneurship and Initial Coin Offerings

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice ◽

10.1177/1042258720940114 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 104225872094011 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cristiano Bellavitis ◽

Douglas Cumming ◽

Tom Vanacker

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Entrepreneurial Finance ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Market Selection ◽

Short Term ◽

Regulatory Approach ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Initial Coin Offerings

Regulatory spillovers occur when regulation in one country affects either the expected regulatory approach and/or entrepreneurial finance markets in other countries. Drawing on institutional theory, we investigate the global implications of a regulatory spillover on entrepreneurship. We argue that regulatory spillovers have both short- and long-term effects on the number and quality of entrepreneurial finance initiatives such as Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). Based on a large-scale sample of ICOs in 108 countries, we find that a regulatory ban of ICOs in one country causes a short-term increase in the number of low-rated ICOs in other countries and a long-term drop in the number of ICOs, especially low-rated, which increases the average ICO rating. That is, a restrictive regulation triggered a process of increased market selection.

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THE HIGH-ENERGY PROPERTIES OF 3C 454.3: A FOUR-YEAR STUDY

International Journal of Modern Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1142/s2010194512005004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 08 ◽

pp. 404-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

◽

STEFANO VERCELLONE

Keyword(s):

Gamma Ray ◽

High Energy ◽

Short Term ◽

Multi Wavelength ◽

Vela Pulsar ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Γ Ray ◽

Short Term Variability ◽

Daily Time

The blazar 3C 454.3 has become the most active and brightest γ-ray source of the sky, earning the nickname of Crazy Diamond. The short-term variability in the γ-ray energy band and the extremely high peak fluxes reached during intense flaring episodes make 3C 454.3 one of the best targets to investigate the blazar jet properties. We will review four years of observational properties of this remarkable source, discussing both short- and long-term multi-wavelength campaigns, with particular emphasis on the recent flaring episode which occurred on 2010 November 20, when 3C 454.3 reached on a daily time-scale a gamma-ray flux (E > 100 MeV) higher than 6 × 10-5 photons cm-2 s-1, about six times the flux of the brightest γ-ray steady source, the Vela Pulsar.

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The interactive effect of herbivory, nutrient enrichment and mucilage on shallow rocky macroalgal communities

10.7287/peerj.preprints.26590 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Caronni ◽

Chiara Calabretti ◽

Giulia Ceccherelli ◽

Sandra Citterio ◽

Maria Anna Delaria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Protected Area ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Term Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Manipulative Experiment ◽

Rocky Substratum ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Macroalgal Assemblage

In this paper the results of a manipulative experiment aimed to evaluate the interactive short- and long-term effect of three different stressors, herbivory, nutrient and mucilage, on a macroalgal assemblage are presented. The experiment was conducted in Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area during a bloom of the benthic mucilage-producing microalga Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis and Bryan (Pelagophyceae), recently spreading in the Mediterranean Sea. On a rocky substratum, 18 plots 20x20 cm in size were prepared and, according to different treatments, nutrients were added in some of them to simulate eutrophication, macroalgae were removed to simulate clearings produced by grazers and mucilage was manually removed to simulate mucilage-free conditions. Differences in the composition of macroalgal assemblages were found when considering the short term effect of the considered stressors, and also the response of the most abundant taxa (DFA, ECA, Dictyotales, Laurencia spp. and Padina pavonica) varied among treatments, proving that a combined effect of such stressors on the recovery of macroalgae was present. On the contrary, the effect of treatments was neither highlighted on the most abundant algae nor on the whole structure of the macroalgal assemblage.

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The interactive effect of herbivory, nutrient enrichment and mucilage on shallow rocky macroalgal communities

10.7287/peerj.preprints.26590v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Caronni ◽

Chiara Calabretti ◽

Giulia Ceccherelli ◽

Sandra Citterio ◽

Maria Anna Delaria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Protected Area ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Term Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Manipulative Experiment ◽

Rocky Substratum ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Macroalgal Assemblage

In this paper the results of a manipulative experiment aimed to evaluate the interactive short- and long-term effect of three different stressors, herbivory, nutrient and mucilage, on a macroalgal assemblage are presented. The experiment was conducted in Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area during a bloom of the benthic mucilage-producing microalga Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis and Bryan (Pelagophyceae), recently spreading in the Mediterranean Sea. On a rocky substratum, 18 plots 20x20 cm in size were prepared and, according to different treatments, nutrients were added in some of them to simulate eutrophication, macroalgae were removed to simulate clearings produced by grazers and mucilage was manually removed to simulate mucilage-free conditions. Differences in the composition of macroalgal assemblages were found when considering the short term effect of the considered stressors, and also the response of the most abundant taxa (DFA, ECA, Dictyotales, Laurencia spp. and Padina pavonica) varied among treatments, proving that a combined effect of such stressors on the recovery of macroalgae was present. On the contrary, the effect of treatments was neither highlighted on the most abundant algae nor on the whole structure of the macroalgal assemblage.

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RESOURCE REDISTRIBUTION METHOD FOR SHORT-TERM RECOVERY OF SOCIETY AFTER LARGE-SCALE DISASTERS

Advances in Complex Systems ◽

10.1142/s021952591450026x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (05) ◽

pp. 1450026 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

VASILY LUBASHEVSKIY ◽

TARO KANNO ◽

KAZUO FURUTA

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

The State ◽

Short Term ◽

Damage Level ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Two Phases ◽

The City ◽

Limit Capacity ◽

System Characteristics

Recovery of society after a large-scale disaster generally consists of two phases, short- and long-term recoveries. The main goal of the short-term recovery is to bounce the damaged system back to the operating standards enabling residents in damaged cities to survive, and fast supply with vital resources to them is one of its important elements. We propose a general principle by which the required redistribution of vital resources between the affected and neighboring cities can be efficiently implemented. The short-term recovery is a rescuer operation where uncertainty in evaluating the state of damaged region is highly probable. To allow for such an operation, the developed principle involves two basic components. The first one of ethic nature is the triage concept determining the current city priority in the resource delivery. The second one is the minimization of the delivery time subjected to this priority. Finally a certain plan of the resource redistribution is generated according to this principle. Several specific examples are studied numerically. It elucidates, in particular, the effects of system characteristics such as the city limit capacity in resource delivery, the type of initial resource allocation among the cities, the number of cities able to participate in the resource redistribution, and the damage level in the affected cities. As far as the uncertainty in evaluating the state of damaged region is concerned, some specific cases were studied. It assumes the initial communication system has crashed and formation of a new one and the resource redistribution proceed synchronously. The obtained results enable us to consider the resource redistribution plan governed by the proposed method semi-optimal and rather efficient especially under uncertainty.

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A Novel Iron Chloride Red-Ox Concentration Flow Cell Battery (ICFB) Concept; Power and Electrode Optimization

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1109

Author(s):

Robert Bock ◽

Björn Kleinsteinberg ◽

Bjørn Selnes-Volseth ◽

Odne Stokke Burheim

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Large Scale ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Flow Cell ◽

Iron Chloride ◽

Carbon Electrodes ◽

Concentration Difference ◽

Term Energy ◽

Short And Long Term

For renewable energies to succeed in replacing fossil fuels, large-scale and affordable solutions are needed for short and long-term energy storage. A potentially inexpensive approach of storing large amounts of energy is through the use of a concentration flow cell that is based on cheap and abundant materials. Here, we propose to use aqueous iron chloride as a reacting solvent on carbon electrodes. We suggest to use it in a red-ox concentration flow cell with two compartments separated by a hydrocarbon-based membrane. In both compartments the red-ox couple of iron II and III reacts, oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. When charging, a concentration difference between the two species grows. When discharging, this concentration difference between iron II and iron III is used to drive the reaction. In this respect it is a concentration driven flow cell redox battery using iron chloride in both solutions. Here, we investigate material combinations, power, and concentration relations.

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