Correction to: A review of predictive policing from the perspective of fairness

There has been a significant focus on predictive policing systems, as law enforcement agents embrace modern technology to forecast criminal activity. Most developed nations have implemented predictive policing, albeit with mixed reactions over its effectiveness. Whilst at its inception, predictive policing involved simple heuristics and algorithms, it has increased in sophistication in the ever-changing technological environment. This paper, which is based on a literature survey, examines predictive policing over the last decade (2010 to 2020). The paper examines how various nations have implemented predictive policing and also documents the impediments to predictive policing. The paper reveals that despite the adoption of predictive software applications such as PredPol, Risk Terrain Modelling, HunchLab, PreMap, PRECOBS, Crime Anticipation System, and Azevea, there are several impediments that have militated against the effectiveness of predictive policing, and these include low predictive accuracy, limited scope of crimes that can be predicted, high cost of predictive policing software, flawed data input, and the biased nature of some predictive software applications. Despite these challenges, the paper reveals that there is consensus by the majority of the researchers on the importance of predictive algorithms on the policing landscape.

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Data Analysis in Predicting Crime : Predictive Policing

2021 16th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI) ◽

10.23919/cisti52073.2021.9476393 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aline Carvalho ◽

Isabel Pedrosa

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Predictive Policing

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Randomized Controlled Field Trials of Predictive Policing

Journal of the American Statistical Association ◽

10.1080/01621459.2015.1077710 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 110 (512) ◽

pp. 1399-1411 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

G. O. Mohler ◽

M. B. Short ◽

Sean Malinowski ◽

Mark Johnson ◽

G. E. Tita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Predictive Policing ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Digital technologies and the violent surveillance of nonbinary gender

Journal of Gender-Based Violence ◽

10.1332/239868021x16153783053180 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jama Shelton ◽

Kel Kroehle ◽

Emilie K. Clark ◽

Kristie Seelman ◽

SJ Dodd

Keyword(s):

Digital Technology ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Predictive Policing ◽

Root Cause ◽

Gender Binary ◽

Power And Control ◽

Trans People ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Control

The enforcement of the gender binary is a root cause of gender-based violence (GBV) for trans people. Disrupting GBV requires that we ensure that ‘gender’ is not presumed synonymous with White cisgender womanhood. Transfeminists suggest that attaining gender equity requires confronting all forms of oppression that police people and their bodies, including White supremacy, colonialism and capitalism (Silva and Ornat, 2016; Simpkins, 2016). Part of this project, we argue, includes confronting the structures of GBV embedded within digital technologies that are increasingly part of our everyday lives. Informed by transfeminist theory (Koyama, 2003; Stryker and Bettcher, 2016; Simpkins, 2016; Weerawardhana, 2018), we interrogate the ways in which digital technologies naturalise and reinforce GBV against bodies marked as divergent. We examine the subtler ways that digital technology can fortify binary gender as a mechanism of power and control. We highlight how gendered forms of data violence cannot be disentangled from digital technologies that surveil, police or punish on the basis of race, nationhood and citizenship, particularly in relation to predictive policing practices. We conclude with recommendations to guide technological development to reduce the violence enacted upon trans people and those whose gender presentations transgress society’s normative criteria for what constitutes a compliant (read: appropriately gendered) citizen. Key messages <ul><li>Violence against trans people is inherently gender-based.</li> <li>A root cause of gender-based violence against trans people is the strict reinforcement of the gender binary.</li> <li>Digital technology and predictive policing can fortify binary gender as a mechanism of power and control.</li> <li>Designers of digital technologies and the policymakers regulating surveillance capitalism must interrogate the ways in which their work upholds the gender binary and gender-based violence against trans people.</li></ul>

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An Episode in the History of PreCrime

Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences ◽

10.1525/hsns.2018.48.5.637 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 637-647

Author(s):

Rebecca Lemov

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Crime Prevention ◽

Scientific Study ◽

Behavioral Data ◽

Data Driven ◽

Special Issue ◽

Predictive Policing ◽

The Core ◽

Current Spread ◽

History Of

This article traces the rise of “predictive” attitudes to crime prevention. After a brief summary of the current spread of predictive policing based on person-centered and place-centered mathematical models, an episode in the scientific study of future crime is examined. At UCLA between 1969 and 1973, a well-funded “violence center” occasioned great hopes that the quotient of human “dangerousness”—potential violence against other humans—could be quantified and thereby controlled. At the core of the center, under the direction of interrogation expert and psychiatrist Louis Jolyon West, was a project to gather unprecedented amounts of behavioral data and centrally store it to identify emergent crime. Protesters correctly seized on the violence center as a potential site of racially targeted experimentation in psychosurgery and an example of iatrogenic science. Yet the eventual spectacular failure of the center belies an ultimate success: its data-driven vision itself predicted the Philip K. Dick–style PreCrime policing now emerging. The UCLA violence center thus offers an alternative genealogy to predictive policing. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Histories of Data and the Database edited by Soraya de Chadarevian and Theodore M. Porter.

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Predictive Policing and the Politics of Patterns

The British Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1093/bjc/azy060 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 674-692 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mareile Kaufmann ◽

Simon Egbert ◽

Matthias Leese

Keyword(s):

Empirical Research ◽

Police Work ◽

Pattern Identification ◽

The Political ◽

Predictive Policing ◽

Prediction Tools ◽

The Way

AbstractPatterns are the epistemological core of predictive policing. With the move towards digital prediction tools, the authority of the pattern is rearticulated and reinforced in police work. Based on empirical research about predictive policing software and practices, this article puts the authority of patterns into perspective. Introducing four ideal-typical styles of pattern identification, we illustrate that patterns are not based on a singular logic, but on varying rationalities that give form to and formalize different understandings about crime. Yet, patterns render such different modes of reasoning about crime, and the way in which they feed back into policing cultures, opaque. Ultimately, this invites a stronger reflection about the political nature of patterns.

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