Structural Changes in Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic System of the Brain during Long-Term Alcoholization in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Lebedev ◽  
A. V. Droblenkov ◽  
P. D. Shabanov
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Zeyi Huang ◽  
Xianwen Wang ◽  
Ju Zou ◽  
Sijie Tan

Abstract Sevoflurane is a widely used inhalational anesthetic in pediatric surgeries, which is considered reasonably safe and reversible upon withdrawal. However, recent preclinical studies suggested that peri-neonatal sevoflurane exposure may cause developmental abnormalities in the brain. The present review aimed to present and discuss the accumulating experimental data regarding the undesirable effects of sevoflurane on brain development as revealed by the laboratory studies. First, we summarized the long-lasting side effects of neonatal sevoflurane exposure on cognitive functions. Subsequently, we presented the structural changes, namely, neuroapoptosis, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, following sevoflurane exposure in the immature brain. Finally, we also discussed the potential mechanisms underlying subsequent cognitive impairments later in life, which are induced by neonatal sevoflurane exposure and pointed out potential strategies for mitigating sevoflurane-induced long-term cognitive impairments. The type A gamma-amino butyric acid (GABAA) receptor, the main targets of sevoflurane, is excitatory rather than inhibitory in the immature neurons. The excitatory effects of the GABAA receptors have been linked to increased neuroapoptosis, elevated serum corticosterone levels and epigenetic modifications following neonatal sevoflurane exposure in rodents, which might contribute to sevoflurane-induced long-term cognitive abnormalities. We proposed that the excitatory GABAA receptor-mediated HPA axis activity might be a novel mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced long-term cognitive impairments. More studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness and mechanisms by targeting the excitatory GABAA receptor as a prevention strategy to alleviate cognitive deficits induced by neonatal sevoflurane exposure in future.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Flores Valle ◽  
Rolf Honnef ◽  
Johannes D. Seelig

The brain of Drosophila shows dynamics at multiple timescales, from the millisecond range of fast voltage or calcium transients to functional and structural changes occurring over multiple days. To relate such dynamics to behavior requires monitoring neural circuits across these multiple timescales in behaving animals. Here, we develop a technique for automated long-term two-photon imaging in fruit flies, during wakefulness and sleep, navigating in virtual reality over up to seven days. The method is enabled by laser surgery, a microrobotic arm for controlling forceps for dissection assistance, an automated feeding robot, as well as volumetric, simultaneous multiplane imaging. The approach is validated in the fly's head direction system. Imaging in behaving flies over multiple timescales will be useful for understanding circadian activity, learning and long-term memory, or sleep.


Author(s):  
A. G. Malov ◽  
M. I. Vshivkov ◽  
M. A. Mamunts

Introduction: Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) is a group of monogenic epilepsies which are caused by mutations in more than 70 genes. Material and methods: The data of a long-term dynamic EEG observation of a girl with EIEE9 (OMIM 300088) caused by a mutation in the PCDH19 gene (OMIM 300460) are presented. Results: Correct etiological diagnosis of the hereditary disease was established only at the age of 14 years. Epilepsy debuted at the age of 8 months as a series of one minute long generalized tonic convulsions with myoclonia in the left arm. After further examination the symptoms were mistakenly regarded as viral encephalitis. Subsequently, clusters of convulsive seizures provoked by febrile states periodically were occurring several times per year irrespective of the type and amount of anticonvulsants taken. Despite the fact, that no significant structural changes in the brain we found during neuroimaging, pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy gradually developed. At the age of 14 years, as part of a pre-surgical examination for two days, the complete abolition of anticonvulsants and the implantation of subdural electrodes were performed. Focal motor seizures with a transition to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures were recorded, during which the primary generation of epileptic activity was localized in the left temporal lobe. А thorough examination with a clarification of the monogenic origin of the disease made it possible to avoid undue surgery on the brain. Discussion: The presented observation is a clear example of why a timely genetic examination is important for establishing correct diagnosis, adequate selection of anticonvulsants and a making a right decision on the possibility of surgical treatment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-317
Author(s):  
I. M. Vialichko ◽  
◽  
S. V. Lelevich ◽  

Background. Opioid addiction, which has arisen against the background of previous alcoholism (or vice versa), is an urgent problem in clinical practice. The change in dopaminergic neuromediation after the withdrawal of the combined effect of ethanol and morphine is currently not clear what was the goal for our study. Purpose. Study of metabolites of the dopaminergic system in the cerebral cortex, striatum and midbrain of rats after different periods of withdrawal of 5-day morphine-alcohol intoxication. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on 43 white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method, the levels of metabolites of the dopaminergic system were determined after the withdrawal of the combined administration of morphine and ethanol. Results and conclusions. The severity of changes in metabolites of the dopaminergic system during morphinealcohol withdrawal is determined by the duration and region of the brain. One day after the withdrawal of both psychoactive substances in the striatum and cerebral cortex, a decrease in the concentration of dopamine was observed. In the long-term periods of abolition of intoxication with morphine and ethanol (3, 7 days), the processes of acceleration of dopamine turnover in the midbrain and a decrease in the concentration of the neurotransmitter in the striatum were revealed.


Concussion ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Brian Hainline ◽  
Lindsey J. Gurin ◽  
Daniel M. Torres

Repetitive head impact exposure refers to a head impact that does not lead to the clinical manifestation of concussion. There is emerging information that repetitive head impact exposure may lead to structural changes in the brain, but it is not clear if these changes normalize, remain static, or worsen over time. Currently there is no known causal connection between repetitive head impact exposure and long-term neurologic diseases, although such a connection is often assumed by the public. A safety-first approach should always be taken in sport, and this includes steps to mitigate head impact exposure.


Author(s):  
I. M. Vialichko ◽  
S. V. Lelevich ◽  
V. V. Lelevich

Recently, there have been more and more indications of alcoholic pathology burdened by drug use and vice versa. It is evident that the dopamine system plays an important role in the development of addiction when using drugs and alcohol. Experimentally, the long-term combined effect of psychoactive substances on neuromendatory changes in the dopaminergic system in the brain is poorly understood and requires more detailed consideration.The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and midbrain of rats during chronic alcohol intoxication, as well as a complex administration of morphine and ethanol.The experiments were carried out on white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method, the levels of dopamine and its metabolites were determined in the regions of the brain during chronic alcohol intoxication, as well as with a combined administration of morphine and ethanol with various durations (7, 14 and 21 days).Chronic alcohol intoxication led to the signs of acceleration of the dopamine turnover only in the hypothalamus on the 7th and 14th days and its accumulation during three weeks of alcoholization. In the midbrain, a decrease in the concentration of the neurotransmitter was revealed when ethanol was injected for 7 days. Co-administration of surfactants was accompanied by slightly different changes: complex 7- and 21-day alcohol-morphine intoxication is accompanied by the dopamine accumulation in the hypothalamus and the decrease in the neurotransmitter turnover in the midbrain on the 14th and 21st days.


2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1135-1144
Author(s):  
Matthew I. Banks ◽  
Zarmeen Zahid ◽  
Nathan T. Jones ◽  
Ziyad W. Sultan ◽  
Cody J. Wenthur

The resurgence of interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for treating psychiatric disorders has rekindled efforts to elucidate their mechanism of action. In this Perspective, we focus on the ability of psychedelics to promote neural plasticity, postulated to be central to their therapeutic activity. We begin with a brief overview of the history and behavioral effects of the classical psychedelics. We then summarize our current understanding of the cellular and subcellular mechanisms underlying these drugs’ behavioral effects, their effects on neural plasticity, and the roles of stress and inflammation in the acute and long-term effects of psychedelics. The signaling pathways activated by psychedelics couple to numerous potential mechanisms for producing long-term structural changes in the brain, a complexity that has barely begun to be disentangled. This complexity is mirrored by that of the neural mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders and the transformations of consciousness, mood, and behavior that psychedelics promote in health and disease. Thus, beyond changes in the brain, psychedelics catalyze changes in our understanding of the neural basis of psychiatric disorders, as well as consciousness and human behavior.


2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.


Author(s):  
Heather Churchill ◽  
Jeremy M. Ridenour

Abstract. Assessing change during long-term psychotherapy can be a challenging and uncertain task. Psychological assessments can be a valuable tool and can offer a perspective from outside the therapy dyad, independent of the powerful and distorting influences of transference and countertransference. Subtle structural changes that may not yet have manifested behaviorally can also be assessed. However, it can be difficult to find a balance between a rigorous, systematic approach to data, while also allowing for the richness of the patient’s internal world to emerge. In this article, the authors discuss a primarily qualitative approach to the data and demonstrate the ways in which this kind of approach can deepen the understanding of the more subtle or complex changes a particular patient is undergoing while in treatment, as well as provide more detail about the nature of an individual’s internal world. The authors also outline several developmental frameworks that focus on the ways a patient constructs their reality and can guide the interpretation of qualitative data. The authors then analyze testing data from a patient in long-term psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy in order to demonstrate an approach to data analysis and to show an example of how change can unfold over long-term treatments.


Author(s):  
Peter R. Breggin

BACKGROUND: The vaccine/autism controversy has caused vast scientific and public confusion, and it has set back research and education into genuine vaccine-induced neurological disorders. The great strawman of autism has been so emphasized by the vaccine industry that it, and it alone, often appears in authoritative discussions of adverse effects of the MMR and other vaccines. By dismissing the chimerical vaccine/autism controversy, vaccine defenders often dismiss all genuinely neurological aftereffects of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and other vaccines, including well-documented events, such as relatively rare cases of encephalopathy and encephalitis. OBJECTIVE: This report explains that autism is not a physical or neurological disorder. It is not caused by injury or disease of the brain. It is a developmental disorder that has no physical origins and no physical symptoms. It is extremely unlikely that vaccines are causing autism; but it is extremely likely that they are causing more neurological damage than currently appreciated, some of it resulting in psychosocial disabilities that can be confused with autism and other psychosocial disorders. This confusion between a developmental, psychosocial disorder and a physical neurological disease has played into the hands of interest groups who want to deny that vaccines have any neurological and associated neuropsychiatric effects. METHODS: A review of the scientific literature, textbooks, and related media commentary is integrated with basic clinical knowledge. RESULTS: This report shows how scientific sources have used the vaccine/autism controversy to avoid dealing with genuine neurological risks associated with vaccines and summarizes evidence that vaccines, including the MMR, can cause serious neurological disorders. Manufacturers have been allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to gain vaccine approval without placebo-controlled clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: The misleading vaccine autism controversy must be set aside in favor of examining actual neurological harms associated with vaccines, including building on existing research that has been ignored. Manufacturers of vaccines must be required to conduct placebo-controlled clinical studies for existing vaccines and for government approval of new vaccines. Many probable or confirmed neurological adverse events occur within a few days or weeks after immunization and could be detected if the trials were sufficiently large. Contrary to current opinion, large, long-term placebo-controlled trials of existing and new vaccines would be relatively easy and safe to conduct.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document