Early-stage of invasion by beech bark disease does not necessarily trigger American beech root sucker establishment in hardwood stands

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3245-3254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Ève Roy ◽  
Philippe Nolet
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Root Sucker

scholarly journals Evaluation of Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and Propagation of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) by Grafting

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ramirez ◽  
J. Loo ◽  
M. J. Krasowski
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Insect Colonies ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga

Abstract Scions collected from diseased trees and from those without symptoms of beech bark disease (BBD) were cleft-grafted in 2003 and 2004 onto rootstock of unknown resistance to BBD. Grafting success varied among genotypes and year (30% in 2003 and 12% in 2004), and improved with increasing rootstock diameter. Successful grafts were used to test resistance to the beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga (the initiating agent of BBD) by introducing eggs onto the bark of scions and allowing time for the emergence of all developmental stages of the insects. Significantly fewer insects colonized scions collected from putatively resistant trees than those collected from diseased trees. In some cases, where egg placement overlapped a portion of the rootstock, insect colonies developed on the rootstock but not on the scion collected from resistant trees. Occasionally, scions from putatively resistant trees were colonized, whereas some of those from diseased trees were not. When scions from putatively resistant trees were heavily colonized, only adult insects were present and no eggs or other life stages of the insect were found. The findings indicate that the extent of resistance to the scale insect (hence to BBD) ranges from partial to total resistance.

scholarly journals Fifty-Year Impacts of the Beech Bark Disease in the Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Leak
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Bartlett Experimental Forest ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Disease Free

Abstract Records from the early 1950s on the Bartlett Experimental Forest in New Hampshire showed that the percentage of American beech trees infected with heavy beech scale and Nectria was up to the 80 to 90% range. An inventory of beech bark disease conditions in three stands in 2004 showed that an older, uneven-aged stand managed by individual tree selection for 50 years had over 70% of the basal area in clean- (or disease-free) and rough-barked trees—trees that showed resistance or partial resistance to the disease; 15% of the basal area was clean. In contrast, an adjacent essentially unmanaged stand had well over 60% of the basal area in Nectria-damaged trees—those with sunken bark because of cambial mortality. A young unmanaged stand had a little over 60% of the basal area in mostly rough-barked trees. Records indicate that the amount of beech was not reduced by the disease in any of the inventoried stands. Apparently, single-tree selection over a 50-year period has substantially improved the disease resistance and merchantable potential of the stand.

Assessment of beech scale resistance in full- and half-sibling American beech families

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Koch ◽  
David W. Carey ◽  
Mary E. Mason ◽  
C. Dana Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Artificial Regeneration ◽  
Nonnormal Distributions ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Beech Tree ◽  
Sib Families

A beech bark disease infested American beech tree ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and two uninfested trees were selected in a mature natural stand in Michigan, USA, and mated to form two full-sib families for evaluating the inheritance of resistance to beech scale ( Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.), the insect element of beech bark disease. Four half-sib families from both infested and uninfested trees were also evaluated for resistance. Using an artificial infestation technique, adult and egg count data were collected over 2 years and analyzed with generalized linear mixed methods to account for nonnormal distributions of the response variables. A significant effect for family was found for each variable. Family least squares means were computed as a measure of resistance and repeatabilities were calculated to provide an upper limit estimate of broad-sense heritability. The two families that ranked highest for resistance were the full-sib family from two uninfested parents and the half-sib family from a stand where all diseased trees had been removed. Together, the results suggest that selection and breeding may be an effective means to improve populations for artificial regeneration, and silvicultural treatments may provide an effective management option for mitigating beech bark disease through managing the genetic composition of natural regeneration.

Root sprouting in American beech: production, survival, and the effect of parent tree vigor

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Jones ◽  
Dudley J. Raynal
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Parent Tree ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Individual Parent ◽  
Annual Mortality

Root sprout age-class distributions around American beech trees were measured to characterize production of sprouts under closed canopies. Annual mortality of root sprouts was estimated by static and cohort life table analyses. Sprouts around parent trees with and without beech bark disease were compared to test for effects of lowered parent vigor on sprout production and vigor. Age-class distributions were highly variable, indicating episodic production of sprouts. Trends in the data suggested that (i) for individual parent beech trees, the number of sprouts per age-class decreased exponentially as sprout age increased; and (ii) parent trees with larger diameters had more sprouts, more sprout age-classes, but greater variability in age-class distribution. Life table analyses indicated uniform per capita mortality rates for clumps of sprouts but decreasing mortality with age for individual sprouts within clumps. Low parent vigor, due in part to beech bark disease, was weakly correlated with reduced sprout production, but diseased trees maintained populations of older sprouts that differed little from sprouts associated with nondiseased trees.

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