The Growth of Calophyllum Inophyllum Scions Taken from Provenance Seed Stand in Wonogiri, Central Java

Calophyllum inophyllum L. is one of species that has been identified as a source of oil suitable for biofuel, cosmetics and medicine. Until now, the propagation of this species uses generative methods. In the forest tree breeding program, after a plus tree is selected a vegetative propagation technique must be developed to maintain the genetic potential of the parent tree. This study was conducted to determine the growth response of selected clones in Provenance Seed Stand of C. inophyllum in Wonogiri, Central Java propagated using the grafting method. The research used was arranged in Randomized Completely Design with 22 clones as the parent tree treatments. Each treatment consisted of 5 grafted seedlings and repeated in 4 times. The results showed that the survival percentage of grafted seedlings ranges from 15 – 100 % at 2 months of age, which showed a fairly high variation among the selected clones. Increasing the success of the grafting technique on the C. inophyllum clones still needs to be done so that it can provide vegetative material for clone testing and operational planting. It is important to be conducted in order to produce C. inophyllum stands with high fruit productivity and oil yield.

Anthropogenic disturbances stimulate natural regeneration of Euxylophora paraensis Huber in a forest fragment in the eastern Amazon

In the Brazilian Amazon, forest fragments increase annually leading many species to local extinction. Euxylophora paraensis Huber is an endemic species whose natural habitat is restricted to the north of Brazil. The natural regeneration was evaluated using 10 circular plots of land each with a radius of 20 meters. The density of regenerating individuals at the edge and the interior of the fragment and the behavior in relation to the parent tree. The Periodic Annual Increment of the diameter and the height were calculated individually for each plant that remained alive during all four measurements and GLM (General Linear Model) was applied to verify if there were differences between environments and the size of the individuals. The results show that the density of natural regeneration increases as the distance from the parent tree increases and has a significant negative correlation with canopy area, the smaller the canopy area the higher the density of individuals. Larger diametric growth was observed in saplings and small trees at the edge and larger increments of height in small trees were observed both at the edge and interior of the fragments. Therefore, natural regeneration is influenced by the process of forest fragmentation where the germination of seeds and establishment of saplings is favorable, however, there were no adult trees at the edge.

Gmelina arborea (candahar).

Due to its rapid growth rate, G. arborea is a tree which has been widely used in reforestation programs in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and as a source of commercial timber and cellulose (Dvorak, 2004; Rojas-Rodríguez et al., 2004; Silva et al., 2005; USDA-ARS, 2016). This species produces large numbers of fertile fruits that are easily dispersed by birds and bats, spreading seedlings quite far from the parent tree (Orwa et al., 2009). In this way, G. arborea has escaped from plantations and entered wild habitats where it is now replacing native trees and becoming invasive (IUCN, 2013). Currently, it is listed as invasive in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Australia and the Cook Islands (Chacón and Saborío, 2012; Mir, 2012; IUCN, 2013; PIER, 2016; Weeds of Australia, 2016). It is also separately reported as invasive in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia.

Seed viability changes during fruit ripening of Tapirira guianensis Aubl.: Implications for collection

Environmental changes provoked by man have caused great impacts on nature with irreparable consequences to the environment, life, and biodiversity. Species as Tapirira guianensis that have high ecological potential, due to adaptability, fast growth, and abundant fruit production, can contribute to the restoration of these environments. The objective of this work was to verify the influence of the fruit maturation stage on the physiological potential of the Tapirira guianensis seeds from three genitor plants and, thus, to define seed collection patterns based on the fruit external characteristics. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme 3 x 3, three parent trees (1, 2, and 3) and three fruit maturation stages (green, intermediate and mature fruits), containing 4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. Seeds from mature fruits in comparison to those of green fruits presented significant reductions in the water content in the parent trees 1, 2 e 3 de 11%, 21%, and 28%, respectively. Otherwise, seeds from mature fruits presented significant increases in the emergence and emergence speed index of 7% and 11% for parent tree 1, 76%, and 108% for parent tree 2, and 40% and 40% for parent tree 3, in comparison to the seeds from green fruits. This research revealed that was possible to define physiological maturation of seeds according to the fruit maturation stages, being the seeds from intermediate and mature fruits that present higher germination power and development of seedlings and, therefore, indicated for collection of Tapirira guianensis seeds.

Pruning of genetic programming trees using permutation tests

We present a novel approach based on statistical permutation tests for pruning redundant subtrees from genetic programming (GP) trees that allows us to explore the extent of effective redundancy . We observe that over a range of regression problems, median tree sizes are reduced by around 20% largely independent of test function, and that while some large subtrees are removed, the median pruned subtree comprises just three nodes; most take the form of an exact algebraic simplification. Our statistically-based pruning technique has allowed us to explore the hypothesis that a given subtree can be replaced with a constant if this substitution results in no statistical change to the behavior of the parent tree—what we term approximate simplification. In the eventuality, we infer that more than 95% of the accepted pruning proposals are the result of algebraic simplifications, which provides some practical insight into the scope of removing redundancies in GP trees.

SELEKSI POHON BENIH Gmelina arborea Roxb. PADA HUTAN RAKYAT DI BONDOWOSO, JAWA TIMUR Selection of Seed Trees of Gmelina arborea Roxb. at Smallholder Forest In Bondowoso, East Java

Gmelina arborea is one plant spacies that is widely planted in smallholder forests in Bondowoso, East Java. This research was conducted in the framework of the selection of seed sources that can be developed for proiduksi quality seeds. The results showed that a relatively equitable distribution of forest people in four districts with three patterns that monoculture, mixtures and intercropping with agricultural crops. Parent tree bole height average of 10.60 m with a trunk diameter/ 25.39 cm dbh. there are 2 types of fruit is round and slightly oval with the number of seeds per kilogram of grain in 1872 and 1000 grain weight of seed on average 538.75 grams indicates the variation differed significantly between the parent tree.Key Words: Gmelina arborea; seed trees; selection; smallholder forest

The influence of composition and structure parent tree stand on state of vitality spruce undergrowth of different phenological forms

В статье рассматривается зависимость состояния жизнеспособности молодого поколения ели разных фенологических форм от состава и строения материнского полога древостоя. Анализ проводился в зеленомошной группе типов леса в условиях Ленинградской области. Целью данной работы было выявить особенности взаимосвязи между материнским пологом древостоя, распределением естественного возобновления ели по фенологическим формам и его состоянием жизнеспособности в регионе исследования. Дисперсионный анализ влияния фактора материнского древостоя на количество жизнеспособного подроста ели подтвердил значимость этого фактора. При увеличении доли ели в составе материнского древостоя, с увеличением относительной полноты древостоя, его возраста и запаса уменьшается доля жизнеспособного подроста ели ранораспускающейся и переходной фенологических форм. При этом доля нежизнеспособного подроста этих форм увеличивается, как и доля позднораспускающейся формы независимо от состояния жизнеспособности. Эта закономерность позволяет сделать вывод, что на состояние жизнеспособности молодого поколения ели, а также на его распределение по фенологическим формам значительно влияет степень освещенности под пологом древостоя. Анализ состояния подроста ели в зависимости от типа леса показал, что с уменьшением почвенного плодородия и влажности доля жизнеспособного подроста ранней и переходной форм уменьшается, а доля поздней – увеличивается. При этом доля нежизнеспособного подроста всех фенологических форм увеличивается. Из этого можно сделать заключение, что на состояние жизнеспособности подроста ели разных фенологических форм влияет не только освещенность под пологом древостоя, но и плодородие почвы, его физические и химические свойства. Анализ влияния этого фактора статистически подтвердился. В результате про- ведённых исследований можно сделать вывод, о том, что в условиях средней тайги такие факторы, как тип леса и состав древостоя в большей степени влияют на состояние жизнеспособности подроста ели разных фенологических форм. This article presents the dependence of state of vitality spruce undergrowth of different phenological forms from composition and structure parent tree stand. The analysis was carried out in pleurocarpous moss group of forest type in Leningrad region. The aim of this study was to identify the features of the relationship between parent tree stand, proportion of phenological forms spruce undergrowth and his state of vtality in the study area. Analysis of variance for the influence of the parent stand on the number of viable young growth of spruce confirmed the importance of this factor. With increasing participation spruce in forest stand composition, with increasing relative density forest stand, his age and growing stock participation viable undergrowth early blooming and intergrade forms are decreasing. Therewith quantity inviable undergrowth these forms and participation late blooming form both viable and inviable are increasing. This regularity allows to make a conclusion that luminance under tree stand canopy is influencing on a state of vitality spruce undergrowth and his proportion of phenological forms. The analysis of state of vitality spruce undergrowth depending on forest type revealed that with decreasing of soil fertility and moisture the participation viable undergrowth early blooming and intergrade forms are decreasing and the participation late blooming form is increasing. Therewith participation inviable spruce undergrowth all phenological forms are increasing. From which it follows that on state of vitality spruce undergrowth of different phenological forms influences not only luminance under stand canopy but also fertility of soil, his physical and chemical properties. Analysis of the influence of this factor is statistically confirmed. As a result of undertake a study inference should be drawn that in middle taiga such factors as forest type and parent stand composition more influences on a state of vitality of different phenological forms spruce undergrowth.

KERAGAMAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT GEMPOL(Nauclea orientalis L.) DARI BEBERAPA POHON INDUK

Gempol (Nauclea orientalis L.) is one of the fast growing species that potential to be developed in agroforestry system. These species used as wood production and also Jabon, which is the alternative for sengon wood. Gempol adapted growth at wet and drylands such as at riverbanks, rice fields and yards. The constrained of the development of community forests of gempol for high productivity is the availability of good quality seed sources. Seeds and seedlings are largely determined by the quality of the parent tree, hence the diversity of the mother plant will affect the seeds it produces. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of the growth of seedlings in the nursery gempol of 64 parent trees from Majalengka and Banten. The study design used was completely randomized design consisting of 64 trees parent gempol, with three replications and each replication consisted of six seedlings. The variables measured were the diameter and height of seedlings. The results showed that significantly affected the parent tree diameter and height of seedlings gempol. Growth in diameter is the best demonstrated by the parent tree 16 at 5.4 cm. The high growth (32.88 cm) produced by seeds from the parent tree 10.Gempol (Nauclea orientalis L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman cepat tumbuh yang potensialuntuk dikembangkan dengan pola agroforestry.. Jenis tanaman ini dimanfaatkan khususnya masyarakat Jawa Barat sebagai pohon penghasil kayu pertukangan selain sengon dan jabon.Gempol mampu beradaptasi pada lahan basah maupun kering seperti di bantaran sungai, pematang sawah, tegalan dan pekarangan. Pengembangan hutan rakyat gempol yang produktifitas tinggi terkendala ketersediaan sumber benih yang berkualitas. Benih dan bibit yang berkualitas sangat ditentukan oleh pohon induknya, oleh karena itu keragaman pada pohon induk akan berpengaruh terhadap bibit yang dihasilkannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui keragaman pertumbuhan bibit gempol di persemaian dari 64 pohon induk yang berasal dari Majalengka (Jawa Barat) dan Banten.Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari 64 pohon induk/famili gempol, dengan tiga ulangan dan setiap ulangan terdiri dari enam bibit. Variabel yang diamati adalah diameter dan tinggi bibit.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pohon induk berpengaruh nyata terhadap diameter dan tinggi bibit gempol. Pertumbuhan diameter yang terbaik ditunjukkan oleh pohon induk 16 yaitu sebesar 5,4 cm. Pertumbuhan tinggi terbesar (32,88 cm) dihasilkan oleh bibit yang berasal dari pohon induk 10.