Evaluation of the N2O emissions from N in plant residues as affected by environmental and management factors

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael S.A. Novoa ◽  
Hernan R. Tejeda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Residues ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Management Factors

scholarly journals Management matters: testing a mitigation strategy for nitrous oxide emissions using legumes on intensively managed grassland

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 5519-5543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Fuchs ◽  
Lukas Hörtnagl ◽  
Nina Buchmann ◽  
Werner Eugster ◽  
Val Snow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Intensively Managed

Abstract. Replacing fertiliser nitrogen with biologically fixed nitrogen (BFN) through legumes has been suggested as a strategy for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation from intensively managed grasslands. While current literature provides evidence for an N2O emission reduction effect due to reduced fertiliser input, little is known about the effect of increased legume proportions potentially offsetting these reductions, i.e. by increased N2O emissions from plant residues and root exudates. In order to assess the overall effect of this mitigation strategy on permanent grassland, we performed an in situ experiment and quantified net N2O fluxes and biomass yields in two differently managed grass–clover mixtures. We measured N2O fluxes in an unfertilised parcel with high clover proportions vs. an organically fertilised control parcel with low clover proportions using the eddy covariance (EC) technique over 2 years. Furthermore, we related the measured N2O fluxes to management and environmental drivers. To assess the effect of the mitigation strategy, we measured biomass yields and quantified biologically fixed nitrogen using the 15N natural abundance method. The amount of BFN was similar in both parcels in 2015 (control: 55±5 kg N ha−1 yr−1; clover parcel: 72±5 kg N ha−1 yr−1) due to similar clover proportions (control: 15 % and clover parcel: 21 %), whereas in 2016 BFN was substantially higher in the clover parcel compared to the much lower control (control: 14±2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with 4 % clover in DM; clover parcel: 130±8 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 44 % clover). The mitigation management effectively reduced N2O emissions by 54 % and 39 % in 2015 and 2016, respectively, corresponding to 1.0 and 1.6 t ha−1 yr−1 CO2 equivalents. These reductions in N2O emissions can be attributed to the absence of fertilisation on the clover parcel. Differences in clover proportions during periods with no recent management showed no measurable effect on N2O emissions, indicating that the decomposition of plant residues and rhizodeposition did not compensate for the effect of fertiliser reduction on N2O emissions. Annual biomass yields were similar under mitigation management, resulting in a reduction of N2O emission intensities from 0.42 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (control) to 0.28 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (clover parcel) over the 2-year observation period. We conclude that N2O emissions from fertilised grasslands can be effectively reduced without losses in yield by increasing the clover proportion and reducing fertilisation.

scholarly journals Management matters: Testing a mitigation strategy for nitrous oxide emissions on intensively managed grassland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Fuchs ◽  
Lukas Hörtnagl ◽  
Nina Buchmann ◽  
Werner Eugster ◽  
Valerie Snow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Intensively Managed

Abstract. Replacing fertilizer nitrogen with biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) through legumes has been suggested as a strategy for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation from intensively managed grasslands. While current literature provides evidence for an N2O emission reduction effect due to reduced fertilizer input, little is known about the effect of increased legume proportions potentially offsetting these reductions, i.e. by increased N2O emissions from plant residues and root exudates. In order to assess the overall effect of this mitigation strategy on permanent grassland, we performed an in-situ experiment to quantify net N2O fluxes and biomass yields in two differently managed grass-clover mixtures. We measured N2O fluxes in an unfertilized parcel with high clover proportions vs. a fertilized control parcel with low clover proportions using the eddy–covariance (EC) technique over two years. Furthermore, we related the measured N2O fluxes to management and environmental drivers. To assess the effect of the mitigation strategy, we measured biomass yields and quantified biologically fixed nitrogen using the 15N natural abundance method. The mitigation management effectively reduced N2O emissions by 54 % and 39 % in 2015 and 2016, respectively. These reductions in N2O emissions can be attributed to the absence of fertilization on the clover parcel. Differences in clover proportions during periods with no recent management showed no measurable effect on N2O emissions, indicating that decomposition of plant residues and rhizodeposition did not compensate the effect of fertilizer reduction on N2O emissions. Annual biomass yields were similar under mitigation management, resulting in a reduction of N2O emission intensities from 0.42 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (control) to 0.28 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (clover parcel) over the two years observation period. We conclude that N2O emissions from fertilized grasslands can be effectively reduced without losses in yield by increasing the clover proportion and reducing fertilization.

Measurement of gaseous emissions from denitrification of applied N-15 .2. Effects of temperature and added straw

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Avalakki ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
PG Saffigna
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
15N Balance ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Original Field ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Denitrification Loss ◽  
Balance Loss

Gas emissions of applied 15N were measured beneath a soil cover daily following saturation of Vertisol and Alfisol soils repacked in pots to the original field bulk density and held at three temperatures (5, 15 or 30�C) with or without addition of wheat straw. Collective gas emissions over 57, 43 and 15 days at 5, 15 and 30 degrees C respectively were compared with the 15N loss determined by mass balance. Loss measured by gas emissions (15N2 and 15N2O) ranged from 36% to 152% of the denitrification loss as determined by 15N mass balance. In the absence of added straw, measurement by gas emissions was consistently less than loss by 15N balance. Where straw was added, 15N loss by gas emissions was overestimated, probably because of a smaller headspace (0.3 L) than considered desirable (1-1.5 L) for emission measurements. Potential denitrification rates, in the presence of added straw, were similar for the Vertisol and Alfisol. Decreasing temperature slowed potential rates of denitrification from similar to 2.5 kg ha-1 day-1 at 30 �C to 0.8 kg ha-1 day-1 at 15 �C and 0.4-0.5 kg ha-1 day-1 at 5 �C. Decreasing temperature prolonged the period of waterlogging following a saturating event. Thus, collective loss of 15N was considerable even at the lower rates of denitrification at 5 �C (52-76% over 57 days) or 15 �C (87-92% over 43 days). Straw addition (10.5 t ha-1) to the Vertisol, which contained no visible plant residues from previous crops, more than doubled the losses of applied 15N. In the absence of straw, rates of denitrification and immobilization were similar in magnitude, 0.97, 0.26 and 0.16 kg ha-1 day-1 for 30, 15 and 5 �C respectively. Very rapid loss of appliedha-1 day-1N in the presence of added straw led to decreases in immobilization of applied ha-1 day-1N, highlighting the potential effects of the much higher maximum rates for denitrification than for immobilization. The N2O emissions generally represented the smaller fraction (<25%) of denitrification emissions, becoming smaller as temperature was increased. As a proportion of emissions due to denitrification, N2O emissions were very low (<0.5% Vertisol, <3% Alfisol) in the presence of added straw.

scholarly journals Mineralization Patterns of Maize Straw in Fluvio-Aquatic Soil as Determined by Isotopic Traces

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
Lixia Zhu ◽  
Jutian Chen ◽  
Lili Li ◽  
Fuli Zhang ◽  
Tianxue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Isotopic Tracers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Maize Straw ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

The mineralization of plant residues results in changes in soil C and N. However, it is difficult to determine the origins of C and N from either soil organic matter mineralization or residue decomposition using traditional methods. An incubation experiment containing two treatments (blank soil (BS) and soil with 6% maize straw (MS)) was conducted to assess the contributions of maize straw to gas emissions, and to soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) using isotopic tracers. About 11.5% of maize straw C was sequestered in soil, the cumulative amount of C emitted from MS was 2.5-fold higher than that in BS treatment. A positive priming effect of maize straw on native SOC in the first 14 days was observed, and then became negative, indicating the potential for a positive balance of SOC storage. Cumulative N2O emissions in MS markedly decreased by 22.4% compared with BS, and the loss of N via N2O in MS was approximately 3.3%. Maize straw significantly increased soil TN and contributed 15.8% to TN at day 120. Our study clearly demonstrated that the different dynamics of 13C and 15N in the soils and gases indicated differences of maize straw C and N during decomposition. Maize straw C preferred to contribute to CO2 emissions, while maize straw N contributed more to soil TN.

Modelling the mineralisation of plant residues on the soil surface

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 711-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Berkenkamp ◽  
Eckart Priesack ◽  
Jean Charles Munch
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Residues

Dynamics of CO2 emission from chernozems under agricultural use

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
M. Miroshnychenko ◽  
O. Siabruk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Mineral System

Aim. The comparison of the effect of hydrothermal conditions and various agricultural practices on the emission of CO 2 from chernozems in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The dynamics of the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions from chernozem calcic (typical chernozem – in Ukrainian classifi cation) was studied during the growing season of 2011–2012. The observations were based on two fi eld experiments with various methods of soil till- age (6–7 years from the beginning of the experiment) and fertilization systems (21–22 years from the beginning of the experiment). Particularly, plowing at 20–22 cm, disking at 10–12 cm, cultivation at 6–8 cm and direct seeding using Great Plains drill were studied among the soil tillage methods. Mineral system (N 45 P 50 K 45 ), organic system (manure 8 t/ha) and combined organic-mineral system (manure 8 t/ha + N 45 P 50 K 45 ) were studied among fertilization systems. The intensity of CO 2 fl ux was determined using the non-stationary respiratory chambers by the alkaline absorption method, with averaging of the results during the day and the frequency of once a month. Results. During the warm period, the emission of carbon dioxide from the soil changes dynamically depending on temperature and humidity. The maximum of emission coincides with the periods of warm summer showers in June-July, the minimum values are characteristic for the late autumn period. The total emission losses of carbon in chernozems over the vegetation period ranged from 480 to 910 kg/ha and varied depending on the methods of tillage ± (4.0–6.0) % and fertilization systems ± (3.8–7.1) %. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different methods of soil tillage are associated with hydrothermal regime and the depth of crop residues location. The biggest difference is observed im- mediately after tillage, but in the spring period the differences are only 12–25 %, and after drying of the top layer of soil become even less. Direct seeding technology provides the greatest emission of CO 2 from chernozem, which is fa- cilitated by better water regime and more complete mineralization of plant residues on the soil surface. Annual losses of carbon are the least under disking of soil at 10–12 cm. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different fertilization systems are associated with the involvement of the additional organic matter from plant residues and manure to the microbiological decomposition. The greatest emission was observed under the organic- mineral fertilization system, which increased the loss of carbon by 7–8 % in comparison with the mineral system in the unfavorable hydrothermal year and by 11–15 % in the more favorable year. These differences are observed mainly during the fi rst half of the growing season when there is a clear tendency to increase the intensity of soil respiration. Conclusions. The hydrothermal conditions of the warm period of the year are decisive in the formation of the CO 2 emission fl ow from chernozems. Due to the improvement of agricultural practices, emissions might be reduced but not more that by 15 % of natural factor contribution.

REHABILITATION OF THE SOIL STRUCTURE WITH THE DIRECT SOWING IN THE STAVROPOL REGION DRY ZONE

1970 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
V. P. Belobrov ◽  
S. А. Yudin ◽  
V. А. Kholodov ◽  
N. V. Yaroslavtseva ◽  
N. R. Ermolaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
Erosion Effect ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Direct Sowing

The influence of different systems of soil cultivation is considered - traditional (recommended) technology and direct sowing, which is increasingly used under dry conditions of the region. The rehabilitation of the degraded southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils structure during 13 and 7 years of direct sowing, respectively, has not been established. It takes much longer to rehabilitation the aggregate state of soils, which is currently in a critical condition of the content of aggregates> 10 mm in size and the sum of agronomically valuable aggregates. The soils under 60-year treeline, as a control, showed a satisfactory range of aggregates, which indicates a high degree of soil degradation in the past and a long period of their recovery time. The effectiveness of direct sowing usage in the cultivation of a wider range of grain and row crops (winter wheat, sunflower, peas, chickpeas, rapeseed, buckwheat, corn) is due to the peculiarities of agricultural technologies. Abandoning of naked fallows and soil treatments with the simultaneous use of plant residues and cover crops on the soil surface between the harvest and sowing of winter crops provides an anti-erosion effect and, as a consequence, a decrease in physical evaporation, an increase in moisture and biota reserves, an increase in microbiological processes, which are noted in the form trends in improving the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soils.

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