scholarly journals The Scope of Academic Freedom Right and the Situation of Scientists in Poland

Interchange ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Stachowiak-Kudła
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Academic Freedom ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe implementation of academic freedom can be difficult both for policymakers and university authorities. A good example of these difficulties is the case of Poland. These difficulties stem from three factors: a weak legal tradition of academic freedom, a lack of legal definition of this freedom and the transition of Polish universities from the collegial to the managerial management model. This article analyzes the impact of these three factors on the situation of Polish scientists. It is very plausible that the introduction of a legal definition of academic freedom to the Law on Higher Education and Science could mitigate the tendency to limit academic freedom in Poland. Such a definition would make it difficult for governments, faculty and university authorities to interfere with this right and make it easier for researchers to assert their rights in court.

scholarly journals Urgensi Penyerapan Nilai Hukum Islam dan Hukum Adat dalam Pengaturan Tindak Pidana Perzinaan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-157
Author(s):  
Usman Usman ◽  
Sri Rahayu ◽  
Elizabeth Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Basic Form ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Customary Laws ◽  
Itu Model ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Husband And Wife

Reflecting on the impact of adultery, adultery is a despicable act that deserves to be criminalized. Even so, the prohibition on adultery in Article 284 of the Criminal Code does not cover every form of adultery as in the view of the law that lives in society as reflected in Islamic and customary laws. The model for the formulation of the criminal act of adultery in the 2019 Criminal Code Bill has adopted the definition of adultery from the law that lives in society, although it does not yet view the perpetrator's marital status and pregnancy as burdensome elements. Likewise, it does not criminalize women who with their consent commit adultery because of trickery, and lightly penalize the perpetrators of living together as a family without being married. Therefore, the model for the formulation of the criminal act of adultery in the upcoming Criminal Code Bill should take into account: a) the marital status of the perpetrator and pregnancy as elements that are burdensome for the crime; b) a woman who with her consent commits adultery because of a trick is both a victim and a perpetrator so that she can be convicted; c) persons who live together as husband and wife outside of marriage should receive a heavier punishment than the basic form of adultery. Abstrak Bercermin dari dampak perzinaan, maka perzinaan merupakan perbuatan tercela yang pantas dikriminalisasi. Meskipun demikian, larangan perzinaan dalam Pasal 284 KUHP belum mencakup setiap bentuk perzinaan sebagaimana dalam pandangan hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat yang tercermin dari hukum Islam dan hukum adat. Model perumusan tindak pidana perzinaan dalam RUU KUHP tahun 2019 telah mengadopsi definisi zina dari hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat, meskipun belum memandang status perkawinan pelaku dan kehamilan sebagai unsur yang memberatkan. RUU juga tidak mengkriminalisasi perempuan yang dengan persetujuannya melakukan perzinaan karena tipu muslihat, dan memidana ringan pelaku hidup bersama sebagai keluarga tanpa nikah. Oleh karena itu model pengaturan tindak pidana perzinaan dalam RUU KUHP mendatang sebaiknya memerhatikan: a) status perkawinan pelaku dan kehamilan sebagai unsur yang memberatkan pidana; b) perempuan yang dengan persetujuannya melakukan perzinaan karena tipu muslihat merupakan korban sekaligus pelaku sehingga dapat dipidana; c) orang yang melakukan hidup bersama sebagai suami istri di luar perkawinan seharusnya mendapat pidana lebih berat dibanding jenis perzinaan dalam bentuk pokok.

scholarly journals Academic Freedom and Its Protection in the Law of European States

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-345
Author(s):  
Klaus D. Beiter ◽  
Terence Karran ◽  
Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Academic Freedom ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
International Human ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

Focusing on those countries that are members of the European Union, it may be noted that these countries are bound under international human rights agreements, such as the International Covenants on Civil and Political, and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights or the European Convention on Human Rights, to safeguard academic freedom under provisions providing for the right to freedom of expression, the right to education, and respect for ‘the freedom indispensable for scientific research.’ unesco’s Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel, a ‘soft-law’ document of 1997, concretises international human rights requirements to be complied with to make the protection of the right to academic freedom effective. Relying on a set of human rights indicators, the present article assesses the extent to which the constitutions, laws on higher education, and other relevant legislation of eu states implement the Recommendation’s criteria. The situation of academic freedom in practice will not be assessed here. The results for the various countries have been quantified and countries ranked in accordance with ‘their performance.’ The assessment demonstrates that, overall, the state of the protection of the right to academic freedom in the law of European states is one of ‘ill-health.’ Institutional autonomy is being misconstrued as exhausting the concept of academic freedom, self-governance in higher education institutions sacrificed for ‘executive-style’ management, and employment security abrogated to cater for ‘changing employment needs’ in higher education.

4 Tribal Constitutionalism and Historic Claims: The Impact of Claims Settlement on Tribal Membership Governance in Australia and New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gover Kirsty
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
Native Title ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Official Recognition

In Australia and New Zealand, the official recognition of tribes occurs alongside the settlement of land claims. This chapter investigates the scope of tribal autonomy in membership governance in Australia and New Zealand, based on the membership rules contained in institutions established to manage tribal rights to land and territory: New Zealand Treaty Settlement Entities (TSEs) and Australian Registered Native Title Bodies Corporate (PBCs). Claims settlement processes impact on tribal membership governance by requiring a legal definition of the class of beneficiaries, and by prescribing formal membership criteria. Thereafter tribes have the capacity (within certain limitations) to alter their membership criteria to exclude legal beneficiaries from tribal membership. The result is a distinction between the class of people entitled to benefit from a settlement or determination, and persons entitled, as a matter of tribal law and custom, to be recognized as members of the tribe. The categories are imperfectly aligned. This chapter examines the strategies used by tribes and states to overcome the resulting impasses.

Visually Handicapped People and the Law

1987 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Legal Precedent ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Handicapped People ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Visually Handicapped

This paper explores the definitional problems of visual handicaps, especially in terms of the legal definition of blindness. A brief history is given of the laws concerning visually handicapped people, and a discussion of case law describes legal precedent. A final section presents suggestions for strengthening the legal position of visually handicapped people in future litigation.

scholarly journals Atliekų sąvoka: probleminiai aspektai

Teisė ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 176-197
Author(s):  
M Artynas Vasiliauskas
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Straipsnyje analizuojami pagrindiniai probleminiai aspektai, susiję su galiojančiuose teisės aktuose įtvirtinta atliekų sąvoka. Daugiausia dėmesio sutelkta į sąvokos vertimo netikslumus ir į tai, kokią įtaką šie netikslumai turi teisės teoretikams ir praktikams taikant atliekų sąvoką. Autorius analizuoja keturis Europos Sąjungos teisės aktus, kuriuose pateikiama atliekų sąvoka. Šiuose teisės aktuose lietuvių kal­ba atliekų sąvoka yra pateikiama vis kitaip, nors kitomis kalbomis minėta sąvoka iš esmės nekinta. Be to, straipsnyje ieškoma geriausio termino pagrindiniam atliekų sąvokos elementui, t. y. momentui, nuo kurio daiktai ar medžiagos tampa atliekomis, apibūdinti, nes visuose analizuojamuose dokumentuose pateikiami skirtingi šį elementą apibūdinantys terminai. Taip pat aptariama kol kas negausi Lietuvos teismų praktika, aiškinant atliekų sąvoką ir atskleidžiami sunkumai, su kuriais teismai gali susidurti, tai­kydami netikslią atliekų sąvoką. Straipsnyje siūloma atliekų sąvoka, atitinkanti analizuotuose Europos Sąjungos dokumentuose kitomis kalbomis pateiktą sąvoką. The article discusses some problematic aspects of the legal definition of waste. The article is focused on the irregularities of the legal translation of this definition into Lithuanian and on the impact of these irregularities to legal scientists and lawyers. Four European Union legal acts, which define waste, are analysed. In each of these legal acts (Lithuanian translation) the definition of waste is different, despite the fact that the definition of waste per se practically does not change. Furthermore, the search for the best term defining the principle element of the definition of waste, i.e. for the moment when a material or an object become waste, is conducted. This search is determined by the fact that in each of the analysed legal acts in Lithuanian this moment is defined differently, however, this term does not change in the legal acts in other languages. The article also discusses Lithuanian courts’ cases (they are still not great in number) which explain the legal definition of waste and enumerates the difficulties that the courts may encounter in applying the legal definition of waste. The definition of waste which corresponds to the sense of the analysed legal acts is proposed.

scholarly journals Why is it so hard to take lawful strike action in Australia?

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shae McCrystal
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory System ◽  
Tipping Point ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Industrial Action ◽  
Current Controversy ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

This current controversy analyses the legal impediments to taking lawful strike action for workers in Australia, reviewing the components of the regulatory system that combine to restrict access to strike action for Australian workers. The discussion explores the flaws underlying the enactment of the right to strike, the limitations surrounding the definition of industrial action, the prerequisites to lawful strike action including the problems that arise from the pre-strike ballots regime, the grounds on which lawful strike action can be stopped, and the consequences of getting it wrong. The picture presented by the legal regime for strike action is that the impact of the regime is greater than the sum of its parts – making it very difficult to strike even for the most seasoned industrial players. It is possible that strike regulation in Australia has reached a tipping point whereby the costs associated with getting it right may now be so high that simply abandoning the lawful path and engaging in unlawful strike action may be more appealing than complying with the law.

scholarly journals PERNIKAHAN DIBAWAH UMUR

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitrotin Jamilah ◽  
Wakid Evendi ◽  
Sunardi Sunardi ◽  
Dwi Astutiek
Keyword(s):  
Marriage Law ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Husband And Wife

Marriage is an inner and outer bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family or household based on the supreme divinity. And as for underage marriage according to law is marriage that is not in accordance with the marriage law chapter 11 article 1 verse 1 which states that marriage can only be permitted if the male has reached the age of 19 years and the women has reached the age of 16 years. Thus if marriage under the age determined by the law, the marriage is underage. As for the purpose of this study id to discuss about 1) the definition of underage marriage according to the law, 2) the factors that cause underage marriage, 3) the impact of underage marriage, and 4) how to overcome and reduce the existence underage marriage. Explanation of the 4 discussion abavoe will help us to understand and add to our insights into underage marriage according to the law the causal factors and even the impact and how to overcome the problem

Impact Of Title I Of The Americans With Disabilities Act On People With Psychiatric Disabilities

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Spirito Dalgin
Keyword(s):  
Title I ◽  
Americans With Disabilities Act ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Psychiatric Disabilities ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Rehabilitation Counselors ◽  
Current Information ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This article describes the intricacies of Title I of the ADA for people with psychiatric disabilities. Due to the complexities of the law it is important that rehabilitation counselors understand the specific dilemmas Title I presents for this population. Concerns about the ADA's definition of disability, qualification for the job, requesting accommodations, and disclosure will be discussed. Additionally, recent case law is provided on the impact of Title I for people with psychiatric disabilities. Rehabilitation counselors will gain critical and current information about ADA issues for people with psychiatric disabilities.

scholarly journals Uncovering Hegemony in Higher Education: A Critical Appraisal of the Use of “Institutional Habitus” in Empirical Scholarship

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
derria byrd
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Theory Of Practice ◽  
Student Failure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Institutional Habitus ◽  
The Impact

This article critically examines the empirical scholarship that applies institutional habitus, a conceptual extension of Bourdieu’s theory of practice, to investigations of higher education. Given Bourdieu’s extensive scholarly focus on higher education as well as the field’s undertheorization of its own exclusionary history, application of institutional habitus to higher education is particularly apt. This critical appraisal finds that the reviewed scholarship corroborates the concept’s value by drawing attention to the role of institutional habitus in differentially privileging and rewarding students based on their possession of institutionally legitimized knowledge, values, and behaviors. Nevertheless, this review reveals a series of missed opportunities, including a tendency to conflate individual and institutional habitus and limited attention to the impact of institutions’ own social status. These oversights dampen the theoretical and empirical richness of the concept and obscure a significant influence on institutional beliefs and behavior as well as a mechanism of exclusion for marginalized populations. After discussing contributions and critiques of the reviewed scholarship, I propose a definition of institutional habitus that centers the social position of educational institutions as the primary avenue through which social power influences institutional practice and offer a set of guiding principles to inform the application of institutional habitus within education research. It is argued that such robust operationalization of institutional habitus would greatly enhance organizational analysis within educational contexts by helping scholars and practitioners to identify and remediate the institutional mechanisms that facilitate student failure. In clarifying this problem, different, and perhaps more equitable, solutions may emerge.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF MEDIATION METHODS - FROM HIGHER EDUCATION TO THE LABOR MARKET

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriyana Andreeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
New Model ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Master Degree ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

The report examines and substantiates the interrelation between mediation - higher education - labour market. The author presents a broader understanding of the concept of mediation, going beyond the legal definition of the Mediation Act, which provides the need to create a new model of mediation in the university. The idea of academic mediation is to include it as a method for dispute resolution in the education in "professional bachelor", "bachelor" and "master" degree in the different programs in order to create a new culture of communication, upgrade of knowledge, skills and competencies and successful realization of the students on the labour market. In conclusion conclusions are made, concerning the application of the mediation in the sphere of the higher education and recommendations are made.

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