scholarly journals From the Sequence of the Sun-Goddess (bhānavīkrama) to Time-Consumption (kālagrāsa): Some Notes on the Development of the Śākta Doctrine of the Twelve Kālīs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wenta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
Constituent Elements

AbstractThe doctrine of the twelve Kālīs is one of the earliest developments of the Śākta tradition of the Kālīkula/Kālīkrama/Mahānaya and it is well known in the later exegetical works of Abhinavagupta (10th–11th c.), Kṣemarāja (11th c.), and Maheśvarānanda (13th–14th c.). Although the twelve Kālīs have been treated to some extent in secondary literature, a systematic study of the development and reception of this doctrine has not been undertaken yet. This is mainly due to the fact that most of the Kālīkula scriptures are available in manuscript form, and methodical analysis of their contents remains a desideratum. In this article, I intend to examine selected tantric scriptures teaching the doctrine of the twelve Kālīs, focusing on the development of the constituent elements of this doctrine, as they appear in different tantric sources. This article traces the origins of the twelve Kālīs to the esoteric teaching of the Sun-Goddess, linked to the tradition of the Skeleton of Kālī (kālīkaṅkāla/kaṅkāla). It will argue that in the subsequent phase of the doctrine’s development the solar context gradually diminished and an emphasis on the twelve goddesses’ function as the destroyers of time became more and more pronounced. This tendency, in turn, influenced the codification of the twelve Kālīs as the fully-fledged doctrine of time-consumption (kālagrāsa), popular in the Trika and the Trika-inspired Krama sources.

Aluminium-Transition Metal Thin-Film Reactions

1988 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Colgan ◽  
J. W. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Phase Formation ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Rich Phase ◽  
Subsequent Phase

AbstractA systematic study of Al/metal reactions has been performed. The thin-film interactions of Al with refractory metals (Ti, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, W and Co) and near-noble metals (Ni, Pd, and Pt) have been investigated. The initial aluminide phases to grow are the Al-rich phases: TiAl3, Val3, TaAl3, Cr2Al13, MoAl12, Wal12, Co2Al9, NiAl3, Pd2Al3, and Pt2Al3 at temperatures between 225 and 525°C. With the exceptions of Val3, Pd2Al3, and Pt2Al3. these are the most Al-rich phases on the phase diagrams. Marker experiments were performed and Al was the dominant diffusing species during the growth of these phases, TiAl3, Val3, Cr2Al3, MoAl12, Co2Al2, NiAl3, Pd2Al3, and Pt2AI3. Consistent with the faster Al diffusion, which provides a greater supply of Al to the growing interface, is the growth of the most Al-rich phase initially. For the exceptions to this rule, Val3, Pd2AI3, and Pt2 Al3, the complexity of the Al-rich V, Pd, and Pt end phases may have hindered nucleation, resulting in the growth of the observed phases. The subsequent phase formation was examined in the Ni-, Pd-, and Pt-Al systems. After initial phase formation consumed all the Al or metal, subsequent phases formed in accordance with the overall stoichiometry. The results of this study, along with a brief literature review, are presented and the generalized behavior of Al/transition metal reactions discussed.

scholarly journals Motivating Signs of the Concepts “Zvezda” and “Star” in Comparative Aspect

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigul A. Bakirova
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Linguistic Development ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Further Development

The article deals with the contrastive study of the linguacultural concepts “zvezda” in Russian and “star” in English. Modern typological, comparative, and contrastive studies are aimed at defining common and distinctive characteristics of linguistic development of reality by human in related and non-closely related languages. Linguits search for parallels and differences in the course of cognitive-discursive reconstruction of linguocultural concepts. The article introduces a complex methodology of researching the language verbalization of conceptual characteristics. The algorithm of systematic study is demonstrated on the analysis of the concept “zvezda” in Russian and “star” in English. The research takes into account the following factors: 1) motivating features based on etymological dictionaries; 2) actualizing the revealed features in contexts; 3) defining the syncretic meanings. The author analyzed the etymological dictionaries of the languages and revealed 10 motivating signs for “zvezda” and 12 of motivating signs for “star”, some of which overlap. The presence of common motivating signs in the structures of the concepts suggests that the stars were interpreted by carriers of Russian and English linguacultures in a similar way. The signs “nebesnyi / heavenly” – located on the sky, “telo / body” – the mythopoetic perception of stars as the eyes of gods; “siianie / sparkling” – ability to emit light. It indicates a relationship of adequate congruency of the motivating signs. The following motivating signs showed some difference. Russian sign include “svetilo” (light-emitting body), “blesk” (brilliance), “mertsanie” (shimmer), “nepodvizhnost” (immobility), “kometa” (comet), “otmetina (na lbu zhivotnogo loshadi / korovy)” (a mark on the forehead of a horse / cow) and “serebro” (silver); in English – “not including the sun and moon”, “strewer or spreader, or disperser of light”, “sprinkling”, “constellate”, “born under unlucky star”, “disaster”, “disastrous”. This testifies to the different perception of the given concepts by the linguacultures under consideration. These data reflect the mechanism of concept formation and can serve as a basis for further development.

scholarly journals The Islamic Lunar Calendar as a Civilizational Imperative

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-583
Author(s):  
Taha J. Al 'Alwani
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lunar Calendar ◽  
The Future ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Current Reality

It is He Who made the sun a radiance, and the moon a light, anddetermined it by stations, that you might know the number of theyears and the reckoning (of time) ... (Qur'an 10:5).Every community possesses a personality and certain traits that distinguishit from others. The ummah of Islam was blessed by Allah MostHigh with a distinctive personality so that it could serve as a communityof the median way (wasatiyah) and as a witness (shahadah): "Thus Weappointed you a mid-most nation, so that you might be witnesses over allmankind" (2:143).In view of the important civilizational role to be played by the Muslimummah, Allah created the elements in its personality with great carein order to ensure that the expected results would come to fruition andthat the ummah would become the best community ever brought forth:"You are the best nation ever brought forth to mankind" (3:110).Among the constituent elements of the ummah's cultural and civilizattionalidentity is its perspective on time, be it past, present, or future, andhow it is to be measured. The past consists of history, from which lessonsare to be learned. The present is the current reality, every moment of whichis to be used to the best advantage or invested. The future is that which isanticipated and planned for so that it may become more resplendent.The communities that went before Islam both understood and calculatedtime in order to achieve their goals and build their civilizations. Todiffering degrees, all of them were successful in their endeavor to markthe passage of time. However, every system they devised suffered fromcalendars featuring ten months in a year, others with widely varying numbersof days in a month, calendars that began in the spring while others ...

Literature and Personality

PMLA ◽  
1897 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blind People ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Long Run ◽  
English Usage ◽  
As If

While the Germans have long recognized a Litteraturwissenschaft, we do not often speak in English of a ‘science of literature.’ Do we then lack something which the Germans have, or do they lack something which they think they have? Do we feel that the name is a misnomer? Or is it that we are satisfied to possess the thing without caring how it is called? If this last is so, it were as well perhaps to be a little less indifferent, since names gradually affect modes of thinking. A rose by any other name will smell as sweet, but a rose by the name of rose tempts people to smell of it, especially blind people. It is a fact of some import for the users of German, that they have the convenient word Wissenschaft, which they can apply freely to the serious and systematic study of any subject under the sun. On the other hand, we are not unaffected, and I think the effect is bad, by the drift of English usage toward a restricted application of the word ‘science.’ The tendency leads people to associate with that word not so much the grand ideals of carefulness and love of truth, as rather the particular methods employed, and the kind of accuracy aimed at, in the study of physics and biology. Many are also led to feel that there are spheres of thought in which science has nothing to say; and so, instead of enlarging their conception of science, they become suspicious of it. The result is that we are far from realizing that universal allegiance to the scientific spirit, which in our day we ought to have. Instead, there is a division of sentiment, many persons, intelligent persons too, feeling that for certain purposes science is a blind guide. As if there could be in the long run any better basis of life than the truth ! And as if there could be any more hopeful way of getting at the truth than to keep trying, with all our might, in the light of all the evidence!

Chromospheric activity as a function of age in main-sequence stars

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
O. C. Wilson ◽  
A. Skumanich
Keyword(s):  
Main Sequence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Main Sequence Stars ◽  
Tentative Conclusion ◽  
Chromospheric Activity ◽  
General Field ◽  
Large Clusters

Evidence previously presented by one of the authors (1) suggests strongly that chromospheric activity decreases with age in main sequence stars. This tentative conclusion rests principally upon a comparison of the members of large clusters (Hyades, Praesepe, Pleiades) with non-cluster objects in the general field, including the Sun. It is at least conceivable, however, that cluster and non-cluster stars might differ in some fundamental fashion which could influence the degree of chromospheric activity, and that the observed differences in chromospheric activity would then be attributable to the circumstances of stellar origin rather than to age.

Galactic orbits of stars

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Richard Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Globular Cluster ◽  
Potential Field ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Velocity Vector ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
The Galaxy

It is now possible to determine proper motions of high-velocity objects in such a way as to obtain with some accuracy the velocity vector relevant to the Sun. If a potential field of the Galaxy is assumed, one can compute an actual orbit. A determination of the velocity of the globular clusterωCentauri has recently been completed at Greenwich, and it is found that the orbit is strongly retrograde in the Galaxy. Similar calculations may be made, though with less certainty, in the case of RR Lyrae variable stars.

Seti Space Missions

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 761-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Maccone
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Gravitational Lens ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Space Antenna ◽  
Focal Distance ◽  
Large Space ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Space Antennas ◽  
New Space

AbstractSETI from space is currently envisaged in three ways: i) by large space antennas orbiting the Earth that could be used for both VLBI and SETI (VSOP and RadioAstron missions), ii) by a radiotelescope inside the Saha far side Moon crater and an Earth-link antenna on the Mare Smythii near side plain. Such SETIMOON mission would require no astronaut work since a Tether, deployed in Moon orbit until the two antennas landed softly, would also be the cable connecting them. Alternatively, a data relay satellite orbiting the Earth-Moon Lagrangian pointL2would avoid the Earthlink antenna, iii) by a large space antenna put at the foci of the Sun gravitational lens: 1) for electromagnetic waves, the minimal focal distance is 550 Astronomical Units (AU) or 14 times beyond Pluto. One could use the huge radio magnifications of sources aligned to the Sun and spacecraft; 2) for gravitational waves and neutrinos, the focus lies between 22.45 and 29.59 AU (Uranus and Neptune orbits), with a flight time of less than 30 years. Two new space missions, of SETI interest if ET’s use neutrinos for communications, are proposed.

A Search for Dyson Spheres around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood II

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 707-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Jugaku ◽  
Shiro Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Solar Neighborhood ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Late Type ◽  
Solar Type

AbstractWe continued our search for partial (incomplete) Dyson spheres associated with 50 solar-type stars (spectral classes F, G, and K) within 25 pc of the Sun. No candidate objects were found.

Emergence of Twisted Magnetic Flux Related Sigmoidal Brightening

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 263-264
Author(s):  
K. Sundara Raman ◽  
K. B. Ramesh ◽  
R. Selvendran ◽  
P. S. M. Aleem ◽  
K. M. Hiremath
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Energy Storage And Conversion ◽  
The Sun ◽  
X Rays ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Extended AbstractWe have examined the morphological properties of a sigmoid associated with an SXR (soft X-ray) flare. The sigmoid is cospatial with the EUV (extreme ultra violet) images and in the optical part lies along an S-shaped Hαfilament. The photoheliogram shows flux emergence within an existingδtype sunspot which has caused the rotation of the umbrae giving rise to the sigmoidal brightening.It is now widely accepted that flares derive their energy from the magnetic fields of the active regions and coronal levels are considered to be the flare sites. But still a satisfactory understanding of the flare processes has not been achieved because of the difficulties encountered to predict and estimate the probability of flare eruptions. The convection flows and vortices below the photosphere transport and concentrate magnetic field, which subsequently appear as active regions in the photosphere (Rust & Kumar 1994 and the references therein). Successive emergence of magnetic flux, twist the field, creating flare productive magnetic shear and has been studied by many authors (Sundara Ramanet al.1998 and the references therein). Hence, it is considered that the flare is powered by the energy stored in the twisted magnetic flux tubes (Kurokawa 1996 and the references therein). Rust & Kumar (1996) named the S-shaped bright coronal loops that appear in soft X-rays as ‘Sigmoids’ and concluded that this S-shaped distortion is due to the twist developed in the magnetic field lines. These transient sigmoidal features tell a great deal about unstable coronal magnetic fields, as these regions are more likely to be eruptive (Canfieldet al.1999). As the magnetic fields of the active regions are deep rooted in the Sun, the twist developed in the subphotospheric flux tube penetrates the photosphere and extends in to the corona. Thus, it is essentially favourable for the subphotospheric twist to unwind the twist and transmit it through the photosphere to the corona. Therefore, it becomes essential to make complete observational descriptions of a flare from the magnetic field changes that are taking place in different atmospheric levels of the Sun, to pin down the energy storage and conversion process that trigger the flare phenomena.

Polar Magnetic Field Reversals of the Sun in Maunder Minimum

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
V. I. Makarov ◽  
A. G. Tlatov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Field Reversal ◽  
Polar Magnetic Field ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Magnetic Field Reversal

AbstractA possible scenario of polar magnetic field reversal of the Sun during the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) is discussed using data of magnetic field reversals of the Sun for 1880–1991 and the14Ccontent variations in the bi-annual rings of the pine-trees in 1600–1730 yrs.

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