Modeling the Effect of Process, Power-Supply Voltage and Temperature Variations on the Timing Response of Nanometer Digital Circuits

Autonomy of power supply used in portable devices directly depends on energy efficiency of digital logic. This means that digital systems, beside high processing power and very complex functionality, must also have very low power consumption. Power consumption depends on many factors: system architecture, technology, basic cells topology-speed, and accuracy of assigned tasks. In this paper, a review and comparison of CMOS topologies techniques and operating modes is given, as CMOS technology is expected to be the optimum choice in the near future. It is shown that there is a full analogy in the behavior of digital circuits in sub-threshold and strong inversion. Therefore, synthesis of digital circuits is the same for both strong and weak operating modes. Analysis of the influence of the technology, MOS transistor threshold voltage (Vt) and power supply voltage (Vdd) on digital circuit power consumption and speed for both operating modes is given. It is shown that optimal power consumption (minimum power consumption for given speed) depends on optimal choice of threshold, and power supply voltage. Multi Vdd /Vt techniques are analyzed as well. A review and analysis of alternative logical circuit's topologies – pass logic (PL), complementary pass logic (CPL), push-pull pass logic (PPL) and adiabatic logic – is also given. As shown, adiabatic logic is the optimum choice regarding energy efficiency.

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Lithium recovery from synthetic geothermal brine using electrodialysis method

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/882/1/012003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 882 (1) ◽

pp. 012003

Author(s):

V S H Sujoto ◽

Sutijan ◽

W Astuti ◽

F R Mufakhir ◽

H T B M Petrus

Keyword(s):

Power Supply ◽

Driving Force ◽

Supply Voltage ◽

Operating Temperature ◽

Global Market ◽

Power Supply Voltage ◽

Electric Voltage ◽

Temperature Variations ◽

Geothermal Brine ◽

Environmentally Friendly Method

Abstract The demand of lithium in the global market is experiencing a significant increase. The electric vehicle era is the driving force of this lithium increase phenomenon. Although the demand of lithium continues to increase every year, the available lithium resources are still not able to meet the demand, so that lithium resources with much greater potential are being considered. The main objective of this study is to extract lithium from a primary resource, geothermal brine, with a practical and environmentally friendly method. Research on the extraction of lithium resources from synthetic geothermal brine with a specific lithium composition using the electrodialysis (ED) method has been carried out. The ED device used is provided with electricity and is operated using temperature variations (30°C and 40°C) and variations in electric voltage (2 V and 4 V). The highest flux is achieved at an operating temperature of 40°C and a power supply voltage of 4 V.

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