A low power-integrated temperature sensor interface circuit

This paper constructs and simulates the interface circuit of a temperature sensor based on SMIC 0.18 [Formula: see text]m CMOS. The simulation results show that when the power supply voltage is 1.8 V, the chopper op-amp gain is 89.44 dB, the low-frequency noise is 71.83 nV/Hz,[Formula: see text] and the temperature coefficient of the core temperature sensitive circuit is 1.7808 mV/[Formula: see text]C. The sampling rate of 10-bit SAR ADC was 10 kS/s, effective bit was 9.0119, SNR was 59.3256 dB, SFDR was 68.7091 dB, and THD was −62.5859 dB. The measurement range of temperature sensor interface circuit is −50[Formula: see text]C[Formula: see text]C, the relative temperature measurement error is ±0.47[Formula: see text]C, the resolution is 0.2[Formula: see text]C/LSB, and the overall average power consumption is 434.9 [Formula: see text]W.

Design, fabrication, and testing of microelectromechanical system spark gap switch based on streamer theory

In order to realize that the fuze micro system has both high security and miniaturization characteristics, the spark gap research of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System safety system is carried out. So that to solve the safe and reliable function of the spark gap switch under the low power supply voltage (35 V) of the fuze micro system, the gas gap size and electrode radius are shown to significantly affect the gas breakdown voltage using streamer theory. Based on these results, a spark gap switch with triggering electrodes is designed. The triggering electrode gap is 2 μm and the main electrode gap is 10 μm. A spark gap switch test circuit is designed based on the RLC circuit. Through finite element simulation, it is verified that the gas breakdown voltage increases nonlinearly with increasing gap size. Pre-breakdown spark gap switches were fabricated based on the surface silicon process and tested. The test results show that the conduction voltage values of the triggering electrode and the main electrode are basically consistent with the simulation and calculation results. The breakdown voltage of the main electrode can be greatly reduced by applying a certain voltage to the triggering electrode, realize the reliable function in the micro fuze system.

Experimental demonstration of high-gain CMOS inverter operation at low Vdd down to 0.5 V consisting of WSe2 n/p FETs

In this paper, we report on the device concepts for high-gain operation of a tungsten diselenide (WSe2) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) inverter at a low power supply voltage (Vdd), which was realized by developing a doping technique and gate stack technology. A spin-coating with a fluoropolymer and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) results in the doping of both electrons and holes to WSe2. A hybrid self-assembled monolayer (SAM)/aluminum oxide (AlOx) gate dielectric is viable for achieving high gate capacitance and superior interfacial properties. By developing the doping technique and gate stack technology, we experimentally realized a high gain of 9 at Vdd of 0.5 V in the WSe2 CMOS inverter. This study paves the way for the research and development of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC)-based devices and circuits.

Experimental FIA Methodology Using Clock and Control Signal Modifications under Power Supply and Temperature Variations

The security of cryptocircuits is determined not only for their mathematical formulation, but for their physical implementation. The so-called fault injection attacks, where an attacker inserts faults during the operation of the cipher to obtain a malfunction to reveal secret information, pose a serious threat for security. These attacks are also used by designers as a vehicle to detect security flaws and then protect the circuits against these kinds of attacks. In this paper, two different attack methodologies are presented based on inserting faults through the clock signal or the control signal. The optimization of the attacks is evaluated under supply voltage and temperature variation, experimentally determining the feasibility through the evaluation of different Trivium versions in 90 nm ASIC technology implementations, also considering different routing alternatives. The results show that it is possible to inject effective faults with both methodologies, improving fault efficiency if the power supply voltage decreases, which requires only half the frequency of the short pulse inserted into the clock signal to obtain a fault. The clock signal modification methodology can be extended to other NLFSR-based cryptocircuits and the control signal-based methodology can be applied to both block and stream ciphers.

Lithium recovery from synthetic geothermal brine using electrodialysis method

The demand of lithium in the global market is experiencing a significant increase. The electric vehicle era is the driving force of this lithium increase phenomenon. Although the demand of lithium continues to increase every year, the available lithium resources are still not able to meet the demand, so that lithium resources with much greater potential are being considered. The main objective of this study is to extract lithium from a primary resource, geothermal brine, with a practical and environmentally friendly method. Research on the extraction of lithium resources from synthetic geothermal brine with a specific lithium composition using the electrodialysis (ED) method has been carried out. The ED device used is provided with electricity and is operated using temperature variations (30°C and 40°C) and variations in electric voltage (2 V and 4 V). The highest flux is achieved at an operating temperature of 40°C and a power supply voltage of 4 V.

DYNAMICS FEATURES OF A VIBRATING MACHINE WITH ELASTIC ELEMENT HAVING EXPONENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF RESILIENT FORCE

The article analyzes the possibility of using nonlinear elastic elements as a suspension of the working element of resonant vibrating machines with two unbalance vibration exciters is analyzed. The elastic characteristic of the suspension is described by an exponential law, which ensures that the natural frequency remains unchanged regardless of the system mass. Static characteristics of the vibration exciter motors are taken into account. A system of differential equations describing movement of the system depending on the processed material mass is obtained. Amplitude-frequency characteristics depending on the power supply voltage, as well as on the debalance rotational speed are obtained for different values of material mass. The stability of the obtained periodic solutions is analyzed. The constancy of resonant amplitude and frequency of the working element vibrations at various values of material mass is shown. The results obtained confirm the advisability of using an equalfrequency suspension of the working element for resonant vibrating machines.

A Novel Rail-to-Rail Input Swing Threshold-Inverter Multi-Bit Quantizer Using Interpolation Technique for Sampled-Data Circuits

In this paper, a novel and simple multi-bit quantizer based on the threshold inverter quantization (TIQ) approach is presented for use in sampled-data circuits. The key part is a front-end signal conditioning circuit with the aid of the interpolation technique that makes it possible to realize a rail-to-rail input range operation over the conventional threshold inverter-based quantizer circuits while maintaining the benefits of the TIQ structure without employing any analog-intensive circuits such as current sources or amplifiers, thus achieving a digital-compatible implementation. Simulation results in TSMC 90-nm CMOS technology at a power-supply voltage of 1[Formula: see text]V confirm the efficient performance of the proposed circuit.

A BIST Scheme for Bootstrapped Switches

This paper proposes a built-in self-test (BIST) scheme for detecting catastrophic faults in bootstrapped switches. The clock signal and the gate voltage of the sampling MOS transistor are taken as the observation signals in the proposed BIST scheme. Usually, the gate voltage of the sampling MOS transistor is greater than or equal to the supply voltage when the switch is turn on, and such a voltage is not suitable for observation. To solve this problem, a low power supply voltage is provided for the bootstrapped switch to obtain a suitable observation voltage. The proposed BIST scheme and the circuit under test (CUT) are realized with transistor level. The proposed BIST scheme was simulated by HSPICE. The simulated fault coverage is approximately 87.9% with 66 test circuits.

CMOS Realization of Fully Electronically Tunable Single Resistance Control Mixed Mode Biquad Filter Employing Single VDTA at ± 0.6V

This paper presents a single resistance control single VDTA based Mixed Mode type Biquad filter. The proposed Transadmittance Mode (TAM) type Biquad filter configuration employed single voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA) as an active building block, three passive element namely one grounded resistor, one grounded capacitor and one floating capacitor. The proposed transadmittance Mode multifunction Biquad filter configuration is presenting transadmittance mode type four basic standard filter functions low pass, high pass, band pass, band reject or band stop or band eliminate filter responses. These four type filter responses are realizing simultaneously with the selection of single input voltage signal. The proposed Transadmittance Mode multifunction Biquad filter configuration has more advantageous features such as low active and passive sensitivities, low power supply voltage, low power consumption, low quality factor, very low power consumption, more electronic tunability, higher linearity and required small area of the chip. The performance of the proposed configuration has been verified through PSPICE simulation using 0.18μm CMOS Technology process parameters.