In Utero Exposure to trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modifies Postnatal Development of the Mammary Gland and its Hormone Responsiveness

AbstractWe previously showed that dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA) stimulates estrogen-independent mammary growth in young ovariectomized mice. Here we investigated the effects of in utero or postnatal exposure to cis-9, trans-11 (9,11 CLA) and 10,12 CLA on postnatal development of the mammary gland and its responsiveness to ovarian steroids. In the first experiment we fed dams different CLA prior to and during gestation, then cross fostered female pups onto control fed dams prior to assessing the histomorphology of their mammary glands. Pregnant dams in the second experiment were similarly exposed to CLA, after which their female pups were ovariectomized then treated with 17β-estradiol (E), progesterone (P) or E + P for 5 days. In a third experiment, mature female mice were fed different CLA for 28 days prior to ovariectomy, then treated with E, P or E + P. Our data indicate that 10,12 CLA modifies the responsiveness of the mammary glands to E or E + P when exposure occurs either in utero, or postnatally. These findings underline the sensitivity of the mammary glands to dietary fatty acids and reinforce the potential for maternal nutrition to impact postnatal development of the mammary glands and their risk for developing cancer.

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Mast Cell Recruitment during Mouse Mammary Gland Stromal Remodeling

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/137.5.1200 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 137 (5) ◽

pp. 1200-1207 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Joshua S. Russell ◽

Sibel Oflazoglu McGee ◽

Margot M. Ip ◽

Dietrich Kuhlmann ◽

Patricia A. Masso-Welch

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Mouse Mammary Gland ◽

Cell Recruitment

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Independent effects of dietary linoleic and linolenic fatty acids on the conjugated linoleic acid content of cows’ milk

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800052334 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 163-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

A.L. Lock ◽

P.C. Garnsworthy

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Latin Square ◽

Health Benefit ◽

Low Linolenic Acid ◽

Low Linolenic

AbstractIt may be desirable to increase the level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk as a health benefit in human nutrition. The purpose of this work was to separate the effects of linoleic and linolenic acids on CLA production in dairy cows and to determine to what extent endogenous synthesis contributes to cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration in milk fat. Eight lactating cows and four non-lactating duodenal fistulated cows were used in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. All cows received a basal diet of grass silage that was supplemented with one of four concentrates, which were designed to differ in their linoleic and linolenic acid contents. The oil components of the concentrates were produced from mixtures of olive, linseed, rape, soya and sunflower oils to produce the four treatments: low linoleic/ low linolenic acid (LL), low linoleic/high linolenic acid (LH), high linoleic/low linolenic acid (HL) and high linoleic/ high linolenic acid (HH). Milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents were 0·8, 0·9, 0·9 and 1·1 g/100 g fatty acid methyl esters (P < 0·05) and yields were 5, 7, 7 and 8 g/day (P < 0·05) for the LL, LH, HL and HH treatments, respectively. The yields of trans-C18:1 fatty acids in milk were 19, 22, 21 and 23 g/day (P < 0·05), respectively. Taking the data for the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content and flow of duodenal fluid from the fistulated cows and representing this in terms of dietary intake by the lactating animals, the amounts of cis-9, trans-11 CLA produced in the rumen were calculated to be 0·8, 0·9, 1·2 and 1·1 g/day (P < 0·05) and for trans-C18:1 fatty acids 58, 58, 66 and 69 g/day (P < 0·05). Increasing linoleic and/or linolenic acids in the diet can increase the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of cows’ milk. Only diets high in linoleic acid increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen. On all four diets, more than 80% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk was produced endogenously by Δ9-desaturase from trans-11 C18:1 in the mammary gland. Cows on the same diet have different milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations that may be partially explained by differences in Δ9-desaturase activity between cows. Increasing the activity of Δ9-desaturase in the mammary gland may offer greater potential for enhancing the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of milk fat than increasing cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen.

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid–Enriched Butter Fat Alters Mammary Gland Morphogenesis and Reduces Cancer Risk in Rats

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/129.12.2135 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 129 (12) ◽

pp. 2135-2142 ◽

Cited By ~ 296

Author(s):

Clement Ip ◽

Sebastiano Banni ◽

Elisabetta Angioni ◽

Gianfranca Carta ◽

John McGinley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Butter Fat ◽

Mammary Gland Morphogenesis ◽

Gland Morphogenesis

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Kinetics of trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid transfer to plasma and milk following an abomasal bolus in lactating dairy cows

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518001551 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (3) ◽

pp. 259-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Natalie L. Urrutia ◽

Monica Toledo ◽

Michel Baldin ◽

Jennifer L. Ford ◽

Michael H. Green ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Fat Depression ◽

Bolus Infusion ◽

Bioactive Fatty Acids ◽

Post Infusion ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Transfer To Milk

AbstractTrans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent bioactive fatty acids (FA) that causes milk fat depression in lactating animals. FA are transferred to milk directly through chylomicrons and indirectly by recycling through other tissues. The objective of this study was to characterise the kinetics of trans-10, cis-12 CLA transfer to plasma and milk after a single bolus infusion. Five multiparous mid-lactation cows received a single abomasal bolus infusion of an enriched CLA mixture providing 15 g of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and 15 g of cis-9, trans-11 CLA over a 30-min period. Plasma concentration of trans-10, cis-12 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA peaked 2 h post-bolus, reaching 0·29 and 0·38 % of total plasma FA, respectively, and returned to pre-bolus values at 72 h post-infusion. Milk trans-10, cis-12 CLA yield and concentration peaked 14 h post-bolus (0·25 g/h) and was not detectable in milk after 86 h. Total apparent transfer of trans-10, cis-12 CLA to milk was 41 %, with 73 % transferred to milk through the direct pool (chylomicrons) and the remaining 27 % transferred through the indirect pool (tissue recycling). Compartmental modelling revealed the existence of a transient unavailable pool of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in extravascular tissues represented primarily by the mammary gland, which slowly exchanges with an available pool for secretion in milk fat and transfer to milk. In conclusion, trans-10, cis-12 CLA is predominantly transferred to milk through the direct pathway; however, how this CLA isomer is processed within the mammary gland requires further investigation.

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Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat content and lipogenic gene expression in the mammary gland of sows without altering litter performance

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519003325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (6) ◽

pp. 610-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. C. Sandri ◽

K. J. Harvatine ◽

D. E. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Fat Content ◽

Lipogenic Gene ◽

Lipogenic Genes ◽

Lipogenic Gene Expression

AbstractTrans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases milk fat synthesis in lactating sows and involves, at least in part, the down-regulation of lipogenic genes. The objective was to evaluate the effect of CLA on milk composition and lipogenic gene expression. Twenty multiparous sows were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments for 18 d (from day 7 to day 25 of lactation): (1) control (no CLA added) and (2) 1 % of CLA mixed into the ration. CLA treatment decreased milk fat and protein content by 20 % (P = 0·004) and 11 % (P = 0·0001), respectively. However, piglet weight did not differ between treatments (P = 0·60). Dietary CLA increased the concentration of SFA in milk fat by 16 % (P < 0·0001) and decreased MUFA by 17·6 % (P < 0·0001). In the mammary gland, CLA reduced gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α by 37 % (P = 0·003), fatty acid synthase by 64 % (P = 0·002), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 by 52 % (P = 0·003), lipoprotein lipase by 26 % (P = 0·03), acyl glycerol phosphate acyltransferase 6 by 15 % (P = 0·02) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 by 27 % (P = 0·02), whereas the expression of fatty acid binding protein 3 was not altered by CLA treatment (P = 0·09). Mammary expression of casein-β and α-lactalbumin was reduced by CLA by 68 % (P = 0·0004) and 62 % (P = 0·005), respectively. Additionally, CLA had no effect on the expression of lipogenic genes evaluated in adipose tissue. In summary, CLA reduced milk fat content without negatively affecting litter performance and it affected mammary expression of genes involved in all lipogenic pathways studied.

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Conjugated linoleic acid-induced milk fat reduction associated with depressed expression of lipogenic genes in lactating Holstein mammary glands

Genetics and Molecular Research ◽

10.4238/2012.september.17.2 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (AOP) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L.Q. Han ◽

K. Pang ◽

H.J. Li ◽

S.B. Zhu ◽

L.F. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

Lipogenic Genes ◽

Fat Reduction

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Retention of conjugated linoleic acid in the mammary gland is associated with tumor inhibition during the post-initiation phase of carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis ◽

10.1093/carcin/18.4.755 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 755-759 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

C Ip

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Tumor Inhibition ◽

Initiation Phase

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Potential Health Benefits of Conjugated Linoleic Acid: An Important Functional Dairy Ingredient

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety ◽

10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v11i430162 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 200-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chaudhari Kalpeshkumar Virsangbhai ◽

Ankit Goyal ◽

Beenu Tanwar ◽

Manvesh Kumar Sihag

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Active Form ◽

Positive Association ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Geometrical Isomers ◽

Potential Health

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a class of positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 octadecadienoic acid) having conjugate double bond system. CLA are synthesized in rumen of the ruminants by biohydrogenation of dietary fatty acids; and thus, can be obtained from dairy products as well as from the meat of sheep, lamb and other ruminants. Among the several isomers, c9, t11-CLA isomer is the most biologically active form and accounts approximately 80% of total isomers. A number of clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the role of CLA as anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, etc. Several researchers have suggested the positive association of CLA in weight management, hypercholesterolemia, immunomodulatory functions, and improved bone metabolism.

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