scholarly journals Modelling Perjury: Between Trust and Blame

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Skoczeń
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The State ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Jury Instructions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference

AbstractI investigate: (1) to what extent do folk ascriptions of lying differ between casual and courtroom contexts? (2) to what extent does motive (reason) to lie influence ascriptions of trust, mental states, and lying judgments? (3) to what extent are lying judgments consistent with previous ascriptions of communicated content? Following the Supreme Court’s Bronston judgment, I expect: (1) averaged lying judgments to be similar in casual and courtroom contexts; (2) motive to lie to influence levels of trust, mental states ascriptions, and patterns of lying judgments; (3) retrospective judgments of lying, after being presented with the state of the world, to be inconsistent with previous judgments of communicated content: participants hold the protagonist responsible for content she did not communicate. I performed a survey experiment on the Qualtrics platform. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 630). I employed standard Likert scales and forced-choice questions. I found that: (1) average lying judgments are similar in casual and courtroom contexts; (2) motive to lie decreases trust ascription and increases lying judgment; (3) judgments of lying are inconsistent with previous judgments of communicated content: participants hold the protagonist responsible for content they did not communicate (effect size of the difference d = .69). Perjury ascriptions are inconsistent. The Supreme Court’s worries expressed in the Bronston judgment are well founded. This article helps reforming jury instructions in perjury cases.

scholarly journals Probing for Informal Work Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine G. Abraham ◽  
Ashley Amaya
Keyword(s):  
Population Survey ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Informal Work ◽  
Proxy Report ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
Proxy Reports ◽  
Household Members

Abstract The Current Population Survey (CPS) is the source of official US labor force statistics. The wording of the CPS employment questions may not always cue respondents to include informal work in their responses, especially when providing proxy reports about other household members. In a survey experiment conducted using a sample of Amazon Mechanical Turk respondents, additional probing identified a substantial amount of informal work activity not captured by the CPS employment questions, both among those with no employment and among those categorized as employed based on answers to the CPS questions. Among respondents providing a proxy report for another household member, the share identifying additional work was systematically greater among those receiving a detailed probe that offered examples of types of informal work than among those receiving a simpler global probe. Similar differences between the effects of the detailed and the global probe were observed when respondents answered for themselves only among those who had already reported multiple jobs. The findings suggest that additional probing could improve estimates of employment and multiple job holding in the CPS and other household surveys, but that the nature of the probe is likely to be important.

scholarly journals How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Otto Kässi ◽  
Vili Lehdonvirta ◽  
Fabian Stephany
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Substantial Growth ◽  
Unknown Number ◽  
Working Through ◽  
The World

An unknown number of people around the world are earning income by working through online labour platforms such as Upwork and Amazon Mechanical Turk. We combine data collected from various sources to build a data-driven assessment of the number of such online workers (also known as online freelancers) globally. Our headline estimate is that there are 163 million freelancer profiles registered on online labour platforms globally. Approximately 19 million of them have obtained work through the platform at least once, and 5 million have completed at least 10 projects or earned at least $1000. These numbers suggest a substantial growth from 2015 in registered worker accounts, but much less growth in amount of work completed by workers. Our results indicate that online freelancing represents a non-trivial segment of labour today, but one that is spread thinly across countries and sectors.

scholarly journals KECENDERUNGAN IDEOLOGIS TAFSIR KHILĀFAH DALAM AL-QUR’AN; ANALISIS TERHADAP PENAFSIRAN TĀHIR IBNU ‘ASHŪR DAN TAQIY AL-DĪN AL-NABHĀNĪ

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-178
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nabil
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complete Interpretation ◽  
Good Deeds

This article discusses the insight of the khilāfah in the perspective of Ibn Ashur and Taqī al-Dīn al-Nabhānī. This article departs from the problem that the khilāfah discourse continues to be a polemic among interpreters, especially when the khilāfah is associated with the state. From this problem, this article will discuss the concept of khilāfah in the perspective of T}āhir Ibn Ashur and Taqiy al-Dīn al-Nabhāni. Although al-Nabhānī does not have a complete interpretation work like Ibn Ashur, he does interpret the khilāfah verses contained in his works. Both are sunni figures, although in their attitude towards the problems of the state and khilafah they are different. This article questions how Ibn Ashur and al-Nabhāni view the interpretation of the khilāfah verse? And what are the implications of the two interpretations of the Indonesian context? By using a thematic interpretation approach and discourse analysis of the two interpretive works, this study comes to the conclusion that; (1) khilāfah according to Ibn Ashur is the name of leadership that embodies the leadership of the prophet. while Taqiy al-Dīn al-Nabhānī stated that the khilāfah of the leadership system of Muslims throughout the world is to uphold Islamic law and carry Islamic preaching to all corners of the world. The difference between the two figures in understanding the caliphate is, first, the arguments used by Ibn 'Ashūr emphasize more on aspects that are prerequisites for the Caliph in his khilafah, such as those who believe and do good deeds do justice, while Taqiy al-Dīn al-Nabhānī is more leads to the obligation to obey and practice what Allah commands, and the obligation to establish a caliphate. Second, that both of them have differences in the realm of ideology, of course this will have little or much impact on the frame of mind of the two figures, so what the authors find that distinguishes the two figures is that Ibn 'Ashur is more moderate than Taqiyuddin An-Nabahni.

scholarly journals A Kantian Account of Emotions as Feelings1

Mind ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (514) ◽  
pp. 429-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alix Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Moral Agency ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The State ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Distinct Role ◽  
Do So

Abstract The aim of this paper is to extract from Kant's writings an account of the nature of the emotions and their function – and to do so despite the fact that Kant neither uses the term ‘emotion’ nor offers a systematic treatment of it. Kant's position, as I interpret it, challenges the contemporary trends that define emotions in terms of other mental states and defines them instead first and foremost as ‘feelings’. Although Kant's views on the nature of feelings have drawn surprisingly little attention, I argue that the faculty of feeling has the distinct role of making us aware of the way our faculties relate to each other and to the world. As I show, feelings are affective appraisals of our activity, and as such they play an indispensable orientational function in the Kantian mind. After spelling out Kant's distinction between feeling and desire (§2), I turn to the distinction between feeling and cognition (§3) and show that while feelings are non-cognitive states, they have a form of derived-intentionality. §4 argues that what feelings are about, in this derived sense, is our relationship to ourselves and the world: they function as affective appraisals of the state of our agency. §5 shows that this function is necessary to the activity of the mind insofar as it is orientational. Finally, §6 discusses the examples of epistemic pleasure and moral contentment and argues that they manifest the conditions of cognitive and moral agency respectively.

Trust shifting as a reaction to pandemic: Cross country analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-33
Author(s):  
Tamara Merkulova ◽  
Kateryna Kononova
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Stable Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

Governance systems all over the world are coming under huge stress. Nowadays, two factors become crucial in the fight against the pandemic and its negative consequences: the state's ability to withstand stress in the economy and society; and civil support and approval of the governments' anti-crisis actions. This study aims to recognize the difference in stress response in different countries of the world. As a criterion for such a response, we consider the level of trust to governments in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Fragile States Index was used as a measure of the state fragility, and the indices of trust were used as indicators of the people's reaction. The study showed that there is no correlation between 1) the trust in the government and the fragility of the state; 2) the support for government actions during the pandemic and the trust to the government before the pandemic. The clustering of countries by the set of indices of trust and fragility showed that the clusters' means support both the assumptions of a direct and an inverse relationship between trust and state resistance to stress. In response to quarantine measures, we see multidirectional trends in both stable and fragile states: trust can grow, fall, or remain unchanged. However, in stronger states, the tendency to an increase in trust is stronger, while in weaker states - to its fall, which confirms the thesis that in crisis the weak weakens and the strong strengthens. The results of the analyses provide arguments in favor of the following. The stability of the state does not guarantee the high trust of citizens and support for its actions during a crisis, and high trust is not a stable factor of high support for government actions. At the same time, it can be expected that the positive reaction of citizens to government measures (increased trust) will be more significant than disappointment (loss of trust).

The Evolution of Cognitive Representational Decision Making

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin W. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Efficiency Gains ◽  
Cognitive Efficiency ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Idea

This chapter develops a new account of the evolution of cognitive representational decision making—i.e. of decision making that relies on representations about the state of the world. The core idea behind this account is that cognitive representational decision making can—at times—be more cognitively efficient than non-cognitive representational decision making. In particular, cognitive representational decision making, by being able to draw on the inferential resources of higher-level mental states, can enable organisms to adjust more easily to changes in their environment and to streamline their neural decision making machinery (relative to non-representational decision makers). While these cognitive efficiency gains will sometimes be outweighed by the costs of this way of making decisions—i.e. the fact that representational decision making is generally slower and more concentration- and attention-hungry than non-representational decision making—this will not always be the case. Moreover, it is possible to say in more detail which kinds of circumstances will favor the evolution of cognitive representational decision making, and which do not.

scholarly journals Turkers of the World Unite: Multilevel In-Group Bias Among Crowdworkers on Amazon Mechanical Turk

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Almaatouq ◽  
Peter Krafft ◽  
Yarrow Dunham ◽  
David G. Rand ◽  
Alex Pentland
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
The World ◽  
Good Proxy ◽  
Indispensable Tool

Crowdsourcing has become an indispensable tool in the behavioral sciences. Often, the “crowd” is considered a black box for gathering impersonal but generalizable data. Researchers sometimes seem to forget that crowdworkers are people with social contexts, unique personalities, and lives. To test this possibility, we measure how crowdworkers ( N = 2,337, preregistered) share a monetary endowment in a Dictator Game with another Mechanical Turk (MTurk) worker, a worker from another crowdworking platform, or a randomly selected stranger. Results indicate preferential in-group treatment for MTurk workers in particular and for crowdworkers in general. Cooperation levels from typical anonymous economic games on MTurk are not a good proxy for anonymous interactions and may generalize most readily only to the intragroup context.

scholarly journals MEASUREMENT OF FINANCIAL RISK TO ECONOMIC POLICY IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Yoseva Maria Pujirahayu Sumaji
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
The State ◽  
Real Effective Exchange Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference

The world of economy is in a state of uncertainty as shown by the improvement in the projected growth of the world by international institutions. The state of development of the world economy is flutuative due to declining economic growth of developed and developing countries, lower commodity prices, and the difference in direction between monetary and fiscal policy. The development of the world economy can be seen from the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) indicator, which sees the exchange rate as a measure of the state of the world economy. This can attract investors to invest in Indonesia due to good REER conditions. REER can be used as one of the reference by investors to make investment decisions in the company that will later affect the company's decision-making. Decision-making will determine how far the company will experience the financial risks that will be set up in risk management. There are 120 non-financial companies registered with IDX Indonesia. The sampling techniques in this study used nonprobability sampling. The inferential statistical analysis conducted in this study is through classic assumption tests, regression analysis, mediation tests and hypothesis tests. The results of the study showed that the Risk Measurement of Economic Policy in Indonesia had a significant positive effect.

scholarly journals How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Otto Kässi ◽  
Vili Lehdonvirta ◽  
Fabian Stephany
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Substantial Growth ◽  
Unknown Number ◽  
Working Through ◽  
The World

An unknown number of people around the world are earning income by working through online labour platforms such as Upwork and Amazon Mechanical Turk. We combine data collected from various sources to build a data-driven assessment of the number of such online workers (also known as online freelancers) globally. Our headline estimate is that there are 163 million freelancer profiles registered on online labour platforms globally. Approximately 19 million of them have obtained work through the platform at least once, and 5 million have completed at least 10 projects or earned at least $1000. These numbers suggest a substantial growth from 2015 in registered worker accounts, but much less growth in amount of work completed by workers. Our results indicate that online freelancing represents a non-trivial segment of labour today, but one that is spread thinly across countries and sectors.

Turkers of the World Unite: Multilevel In-Group Bias Amongst Crowdworkers on Amazon Mechanical Turk

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Almaatouq ◽  
Peter Krafft ◽  
Yarrow Dunham ◽  
David G. Rand ◽  
Alex Pentland
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
The World
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