Determining the effects of wildfire on sediment sources using 137Cs and unsupported 210Pb: the role of landscape disturbances and driving forces

Abstract Scientific findings have indicated that psychological and social factors are the driving forces behind most chronic benign pain presentations, especially in a claim context, and are relevant to at least three of the AMA Guides publications: AMA Guides to Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, AMA Guides to Work Ability and Return to Work, and AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The author reviews and summarizes studies that have identified the dominant role of financial, psychological, and other non–general medicine factors in patients who report low back pain. For example, one meta-analysis found that compensation results in an increase in pain perception and a reduction in the ability to benefit from medical and psychological treatment. Other studies have found a correlation between the level of compensation and health outcomes (greater compensation is associated with worse outcomes), and legal systems that discourage compensation for pain produce better health outcomes. One study found that, among persons with carpal tunnel syndrome, claimants had worse outcomes than nonclaimants despite receiving more treatment; another examined the problematic relationship between complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and compensation and found that cases of CRPS are dominated by legal claims, a disparity that highlights the dominant role of compensation. Workers’ compensation claimants are almost never evaluated for personality disorders or mental illness. The article concludes with recommendations that evaluators can consider in individual cases.

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Convergence of Corporate Governance Models

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2004-1-129-140 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 129-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Tretyakov

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Institutional Environment ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Commodity Markets ◽

Legal Systems ◽

National Institutions ◽

Governance Models ◽

Changing Role

The article focuses on the analysis of the process of convergence of outsider and insider models of corporate governance. Chief characteristics of basic and intermediate systems of corporate governance as well as the changing role of its main agents are under examination. Globalization of financial and commodity markets, convergence of legal systems, an open exchange of ideas and information are the driving forces of the convergence of basic systems of corporate governance. However the convergence does not imply the unification of institutional environment and national institutions of corporate governance.

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The Incentives to, and Constraints upon, Product Innovation

10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Stoneman ◽

Eleonora Bartoloni ◽

Maurizio Baussola

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Product Innovation ◽

Product Space ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Product Line ◽

Decision Uncertainty ◽

Market Structures ◽

Product Innovations

This chapter explores the factors that affect the firm’s decision to undertake product innovation. The discussion encompasses the driving forces that encourage product innovation, for example innovation by others or the ageing of an existing product line; however, the basic rationale is the search for profits. The chapter also addresses decisions about: the extent of innovation in general; horizontal and vertical product innovations separately; and the location of innovations in product space. The role of market structures in the product innovation decision, uncertainty in the innovating environment, and issues relating to emulation and copying are also addressed. Constraints to product innovation that survey data indicate are most important—innovation costs, risk and finance, and the availability of qualified labour—are also addressed.

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Grain Boundary Segregation in Titanium Dioxide: Evaluation of Relative Driving Forces for Segregation

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-751-z4.6 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 751 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qinglei Wang ◽

Guoda D. Lian ◽

Elizabeth C. Dickey

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Boundary Segregation ◽

Solute Segregation ◽

Dielectric Behavior ◽

Relative Role ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Fundamental Phenomenon ◽

Versus Strain

ABSTRACTSolute segregation to grain boundaries is a fundamental phenomenon in polycrystalline metal-oxide electroceramics that has enormous implications for the macroscopic dielectric behavior of the materials. This paper presents a systematic study of solute segregation in a model dielectric, titanium dioxide. We investigate the relative role of the electrostatic versus strain energy driving forces for segregation by studying yttrium-doped specimens. Through analytical transmission electron microscopy studies, we quantitatively determine the segregation behavior of the material. The measured Gibbsian interfacial excesses are compared to thermodynamic predictions.

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The institutional development of skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine: Institutional settings, critical junctures and policy transfer

Research in Comparative and International Education ◽

10.1177/17454999211057448 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174549992110574

Author(s):

Vidmantas Tūtlys ◽

Daiva Bukantaitė ◽

Sergii Melnyk ◽

Aivaras Anužis

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Approach ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Institutional Development ◽

Policy Transfer ◽

Historical Institutionalism ◽

Policy Choices ◽

Institutional Settings ◽

Critical Junctures ◽

The Eu

The paper compares the institutional development of skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine by focusing on the implications of the post-communist transition and Europeanization and exploring the role of policy transfer. The research follows the theoretical approach of historical institutionalism and skills formation ecosystems. Despite similar critical junctures typical for the institutional development of skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine within this timeframe, the existing differences of these development pathways can be explained by the different policy choices and different impacts of the institutional legacy. The main implication of integration with the EU for skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine is related with enabling holistic and strategic institutional development of skills formation institutions. The paper concludes that policy transfer was one of the key driving forces and capacity-building sources in the development of skills formation institutions in both countries.

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Ca2+-driven intestinal HCO3− secretion and CaCO3 precipitation in the European flounder in vivo: influences on acid-base regulation and blood gas transport

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00513.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 298 (4) ◽

pp. R870-R876 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Christopher A. Cooper ◽

Jonathan M. Whittamore ◽

Rod W. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Teleost Fish ◽

Gas Transport ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Marine Teleost ◽

Acid Excretion ◽

Acid Base ◽

Marine Teleost Fish ◽

Net Acid Excretion

Marine teleost fish continuously ingest seawater to prevent dehydration and their intestines absorb fluid by mechanisms linked to three separate driving forces: 1) cotransport of NaCl from the gut fluid; 2) bicarbonate (HCO3−) secretion and Cl− absorption via Cl−/HCO3− exchange fueled by metabolic CO2; and 3) alkaline precipitation of Ca2+ as insoluble CaCO3, which aids H2O absorption). The latter two processes involve high rates of epithelial HCO3− secretion stimulated by intestinal Ca2+ and can drive a major portion of water absorption. At higher salinities and ambient Ca2+ concentrations the osmoregulatory role of intestinal HCO3− secretion is amplified, but this has repercussions for other physiological processes, in particular, respiratory gas transport (as it is fueled by metabolic CO2) and acid-base regulation (as intestinal cells must export H+ into the blood to balance apical HCO3− secretion). The flounder intestine was perfused in vivo with salines containing 10, 40, or 90 mM Ca2+. Increasing the luminal Ca2+ concentration caused a large elevation in intestinal HCO3− production and excretion. Additionally, blood pH decreased (−0.13 pH units) and plasma partial pressure of CO2 (Pco2) levels were elevated (+1.16 mmHg) at the highest Ca perfusate level after 3 days of perfusion. Increasing the perfusate [Ca2+] also produced proportional increases in net acid excretion via the gills. When the net intestinal flux of all ions across the intestine was calculated, there was a greater absorption of anions than cations. This missing cation flux was assumed to be protons, which vary with an almost 1:1 relationship with net acid excretion via the gill. This study illustrates the intimate link between intestinal HCO3− production and osmoregulation with acid-base balance and respiratory gas exchange and the specific controlling role of ingested Ca2+ independent of any other ion or overall osmolality in marine teleost fish.

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Integration Efforts in Agriculture

Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce ◽

10.19041/apstract/2018/1-2/12 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1-2) ◽

pp. 91-96

Author(s):

Judit Beke Lisányi

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Jel Classification ◽

Small Scale ◽

Consumer Prices ◽

Downward Pressure ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Capital Intensive

The economic and political transition brought many challenges for the Hungarian agricultural sector. The break-up of large agricultural holdings had serious negative impacts on food production and on the export of agricultural products. Capital intensive profit-seeking intermediaries dominate the trading of agricultural goods that has injurious effects in terms of downward pressure on production prices and an increase in consumer prices. Cooperatives have a key role in effectively tackling the common challenges that small-scale producers have to face. More vertical integration along the food chain could contribute to providing rural employment and to an increase in living standards in rural areas. This study reviews the development, the specific features and the driving forces of modern cooperatives in Central Europe in general, and in Hungary in particular. The focus is on the integrator role of cooperatives and their future role in our globalised world. JEL Classification: Q10, Q13

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Emergence and Self-Organisation of Complex Systems: the role of energy flows and information a philosophical approach

Complexitas – Revista de Filosofia Temática ◽

10.18542/complexitas.v2i1.5610 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norbert Fenzl

Keyword(s):

Complex Systems ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Open Systems ◽

Structural Information ◽

Self Organization ◽

Specific Information ◽

Philosophical Approach ◽

Energy Flows ◽

Energy And Material Flows

How order emerges from noise? How higher complexity arises from lower complexity? For what reason a certain number of open systems start interacting in a coherent way, producing new structures, building up cohesion and new structural boundaries? To answer these questions we need to precise the concepts we use to describe open and complex systems and the basic driving forces of self-organization. We assume that self-organization processes are related to the flow and throughput of Energy and Matter and the production of system-specific Information. These two processes are intimately linked together: Energy and Material flows are the fundamental carriers of signs, which are processed by the internal structure of the system to produce system-specific structural Information (Is). So far, the present theoretical reflections are focused on the emergence of open systems and on the role of Energy Flows and Information in a self-organizing process. Based on the assumption that Energy, Mass and Information are intrinsically linked together and are fundamental aspects of the Universe, we discuss how they might be related to each other and how they are able to produce the emergence of new structures and systems.

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Psychological conditions for the prevention of recidivism

Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology ◽

10.17759/jmfp.2020090109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 85-93

Author(s):

A.V. Sechko

Keyword(s):

Driving Forces ◽

Delinquent Behavior ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Criminal Prosecution ◽

Economic Problems ◽

Psychological Conditions ◽

The Usa ◽

Time Parameters ◽

High Degree

The article analyzes the results of a study of recidivism conducted in England, Denmark, Canada, Nigeria, Portugal, New Zealand, the USA, and Scotland. Objective and subjective determinants have been identified that make it possible to predict with a high degree of probability the subsequent criminal prosecution violation, its time parameters. The psychological portrait of the recidivist is described, stress factors of delinquent behavior are revealed. The driving forces of decriminalization of former criminals are revealed. This is an intensive probationary period under the auspices of mentors who are able to build trusting relationships with parole through consistent, non-judgmental actions with the simultaneous possibility of playing the role of guardians of young people in difficult social and criminal settings in solving their economic problems.

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The role of monovalent cation/proton antiporters in Na(+)-resistance and pH homeostasis in Bacillus: an alkaliphile versus a neutralophile.

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.196.1.457 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 196 (1) ◽

pp. 457-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T A Krulwich ◽

J Cheng ◽

A A Guffanti

Keyword(s):

Driving Forces ◽

Monovalent Cation ◽

Ph Homeostasis ◽

Proton Extrusion ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Internal Ph ◽

Alkaliphilic Bacillus ◽

Pronounced Reduction ◽

External Ph

Both neutralophilic Bacillus subtilis and alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4 depend upon electrogenic Na+/H+ antiporters, which are energized by the gradients established by respiration-coupled proton extrusion, to achieve Na(+)-resistance and pH homeostasis when the external pH is very alkaline. The interplay of proton and sodium cycles is discussed. In B. subtilis, pH homeostasis, up to pH9, can be achieved using K+ when Na+ is unavailable or when the gene encoding the Na+/H+ antiporter that is involved in Na(+)-dependent pH homeostasis is disrupted. That gene is a member of the tetracycline efflux family of genes. A second gene, encoding a Na+/H+ antiporter that functions in Na(+)-resistance, has been identified, and candidates for the K+/H+ antiporter genes are under investigation. Aggregate Na+/H+ antiport activity in B. subtilis is as much as 10 times lower than in the alkaliphile, and the neutralophile cannot regulate its internal pH upon a shift to pH 10.5. Upon such a shift, there is a pronounced reduction in the generation of a primary electrochemical proton gradient. The alkaliphile, by contrast, maintains substantial driving forces and regulates its internal pH in an exclusively Na(+)-coupled manner upon shifts to either pH 8.7 or 10.5. One gene locus has been identified and a second locus has been inferred as encoding relevant antiporter activities.

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