scholarly journals Sediment source fingerprinting: benchmarking recent outputs, remaining challenges and emerging themes

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 4160-4193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian L. Collins ◽  
Martin Blackwell ◽  
Pascal Boeckx ◽  
Charlotte-Anne Chivers ◽  
Monica Emelko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Age Dating ◽  
Sediment Source ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Source Discrimination ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
End Members

Abstract Purpose This review of sediment source fingerprinting assesses the current state-of-the-art, remaining challenges and emerging themes. It combines inputs from international scientists either with track records in the approach or with expertise relevant to progressing the science. Methods Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to review published papers spanning the period 2013–2019, inclusive, to confirm publication trends in quantities of papers by study area country and the types of tracers used. The most recent (2018–2019, inclusive) papers were also benchmarked using a methodological decision-tree published in 2017. Scope Areas requiring further research and international consensus on methodological detail are reviewed, and these comprise spatial variability in tracers and corresponding sampling implications for end-members, temporal variability in tracers and sampling implications for end-members and target sediment, tracer conservation and knowledge-based pre-selection, the physico-chemical basis for source discrimination and dissemination of fingerprinting results to stakeholders. Emerging themes are also discussed: novel tracers, concentration-dependence for biomarkers, combining sediment fingerprinting and age-dating, applications to sediment-bound pollutants, incorporation of supportive spatial information to augment discrimination and modelling, aeolian sediment source fingerprinting, integration with process-based models and development of open-access software tools for data processing. Conclusions The popularity of sediment source fingerprinting continues on an upward trend globally, but with this growth comes issues surrounding lack of standardisation and procedural diversity. Nonetheless, the last 2 years have also evidenced growing uptake of critical requirements for robust applications and this review is intended to signpost investigators, both old and new, towards these benchmarks and remaining research challenges for, and emerging options for different applications of, the fingerprinting approach.

scholarly journals The Struggle Against Torture: Challenges, Assumptions and New Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-333
Author(s):  
Tobias Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Abstract This short essay offers a broad and necessarily incomplete review of the current state of the human rights struggle against torture and ill-treatment. It sketches four widespread assumptions in that struggle: 1) that torture is an issue of detention and interrogation; 2) that political or security detainees are archetypal victims of torture; 3) that legal reform is one of the best ways to fight torture; and 4) that human rights monitoring helps to stamp out violence. These four assumptions have all played an important role in the history of the human rights fight against torture, but also resulted in limitations in terms of the interventions that are used, the forms of violence that human rights practitioners respond to, and the types of survivors they seek to protect. Taken together, these four assumptions have created challenges for the human rights community in confronting the multiple forms of torture rooted in the deep and widespread inequality experienced by many poor and marginalized groups. The essay ends by pointing to some emerging themes in the fight against torture, such as a focus on inequality, extra-custodial violence, and the role of corruption.

The current state of the question of the "reaction" of fluids of the human body

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-420
Author(s):  
L. B. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Current State ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The World ◽  
Diagnostics And Therapy

The question of the "reaction" of the fluids of the human body is not entirely new, but only in the last few years, mainly during the war years, it has attracted the general attention of biologists, physiologists and doctors around the world. Only now are more or less broad prospects emerging, which the development of this question promises for physiology, diagnostics, and therapy. Therefore, I ask the reader to arm yourself with patience in order to overcome the preliminary physico-chemical part of this review.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
R. Sossa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Topographic Mapping ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Ussr Council ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Military

The basic principles and current state of topographic mapping of the territory of Ukraine are considered. Prior to the proclamation of Ukraine's independence, its territory was covered by topographic maps in the scale of 1:10 000 to 1: 1 000 000, created by the Main Department of Geodesy and Cartography under the USSR Council of Ministers and the Military Topographic Service of the USSR Armed Forces. The interaction of these departments in topographic mapping is highlighted. The topographic study of Ukrainian territory as of 1991 is analyzed in detail. Today the content of most topographic maps of scales from 1:10 000 to 1: 200 000 is characterized by "aging" of information and does not correspond to the current state of the area. The unsatisfactory state of topographic study of the territory led to the unclaimed topographic maps with much outdated information for consumers, and for the military it very difficult to perform combat tasks. The needs of current topographic information users require a significant improvement in topographic maps content. Since the mid-1990s, the creation of national geospatial data infrastructures has become crucial for providing spatial information to the state and society. The basic principles and general requirements for the creation and updating of state topographic maps are now defined by the "Procedure for national topographic and thematic mapping" (2013). The adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Infrastructure of Geospatial Data", giving a powerful impetus to topographic mapping, poses a responsible task of organizational and regulatory and technical support of this process. The issue of obtaining topographic maps from the topographic database requires scientific and technical elaboration, development of appropriate normative and technical documents (guides, principles, instructions, symbols, etc.).

Valuing Knowledge-Based Initiatives

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hind Benbya
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Business Value ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
Knowledge Value

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of theory and practice on valuing Knowledge-Based Initiatives (KBI). Drawing on the literature concerning IT and business value, this paper summarizes what is known about valuing IT-based initiatives, discusses the specificity of KBI and outline main challenges that continue to limit research in this area. This paper also examines how managers deal with these challenges and what metrics they use to assess knowledge value. These managerial insights are derived from interviews as well as empirical analysis of several Silicon Valley firms. This paper gives an emerging approach for valuing KBI and illustrates its implementation with a case study from IBM.

Word Sense Disambiguation

2013 ◽  
pp. 22-51
Author(s):  
Pushpak Bhattacharyya ◽  
Mitesh Khapra
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Word Sense Disambiguation ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sense Disambiguation ◽  
State Of Affairs

This chapter discusses the basic concepts of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and the approaches to solving this problem. Both general purpose WSD and domain specific WSD are presented. The first part of the discussion focuses on existing approaches for WSD, including knowledge-based, supervised, semi-supervised, unsupervised, hybrid, and bilingual approaches. The accuracy value for general purpose WSD as the current state of affairs seems to be pegged at around 65%. This has motivated investigations into domain specific WSD, which is the current trend in the field. In the latter part of the chapter, we present a greedy neural network inspired algorithm for domain specific WSD and compare its performance with other state-of-the-art algorithms for WSD. Our experiments suggest that for domain-specific WSD, simply selecting the most frequent sense of a word does as well as any state-of-the-art algorithm.

The state of the knowledge-based economy in the Arab world: cases of Qatar and Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Ben Hassen
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Ict Infrastructure

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of the knowledge-based economy in two distinctive case studies in the Arab World: Qatar and Lebanon. Based on five aspects of the knowledge-based economy namely: ICT, human capital and education; innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic and institutional regime, we provide a careful view of the obstacles and challenges that Qatar and Lebanon are facing and how this is hindering their transformation to a knowledge-based economy.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of this research is based on a literature review and information collected through semi-structured interviews with the different stakeholders of the knowledge-based economy in Qatar and Lebanon.FindingsThe research reveals that numerous factors shape the knowledge-based economy in Qatar and Lebanon. In Qatar, the main strength of the knowledge-based economy is the determination of the Qatari government to diversify the economy and the main weaknesses are the shortage of qualified human resources, the fear of failure and the low performance of the innovation system. In Lebanon, the knowledge-based economy is driven by the education system and the entrepreneurship culture, nevertheless the political instability of the country and the weak ICT infrastructure impede its development.Originality/valueThese findings contribute to the clarification and critical analysis of the current state of the knowledge-based economy in Qatar and Lebanon, which would have several policy implications.

Role of Corporate Universities in Higher Education

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeta Baporikar
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Corporate University ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Corporate Universities ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State

Learning and development has become increasingly challenging, critical, sophisticated and vital in knowledge based global economy. This trend is now accelerating in the rest of Asia and the Middle East. Corporations such as Infosys in India, Huawei in China, Singapore Airlines in Singapore and Etisalat in the United Arab Emirates have well-established corporate universities/learning centers. Other Asian and Middle Eastern corporations, both large and small, are following suit and allocating huge resources to strengthen their learning and development function. As corporate universities make new waves, the days of viewing them as training departments with fancy names are gone. Besides, the corporate university movement has become truly global in scope with them becoming sophisticated and highly visible world over. Using published research and the author's own work, this paper explores the current state of the corporate university and role of corporate university in higher education.

scholarly journals Prospective directions for development of metallurgy and materials science of steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Zaitsev
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

AbstractThe features of current state of metallurgical technology and materials science of mass high-grade steels are viewed. A promising direction for principle improvement of the complex of properties and qualitative characteristics of steel including those, which are difficult to combine, is shown. It is the development of adequate physico-chemical methods of prediction and efficient technology methods of management of non-metallic inclusions, forms of presence of impurities, phases precipitations, structural state, including uniformity over the volume of metal. Additionally this approach allows reducing costs and expanding the raw material base. Its effectiveness is illustrated by the results of research carried out for a number of groups of mass high-quality steels.

Predictive Models in Urology

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cestari
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Predictive Modeling ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Future Direction

Predictive modeling is emerging as an important knowledge-based technology in healthcare. The interest in the use of predictive modeling reflects advances on different fronts such as the availability of health information from increasingly complex databases and electronic health records, a better understanding of causal or statistical predictors of health, disease processes and multifactorial models of ill-health and developments in nonlinear computer models using artificial intelligence or neural networks. These new computer-based forms of modeling are increasingly able to establish technical credibility in clinical contexts. The current state of knowledge is still quite young in understanding the likely future direction of how this so-called ‘machine intelligence’ will evolve and therefore how current relatively sophisticated predictive models will evolve in response to improvements in technology, which is advancing along a wide front. Predictive models in urology are gaining progressive popularity not only for academic and scientific purposes but also into the clinical practice with the introduction of several nomograms dealing with the main fields of onco-urology.

UNDERSTANDING SOFTWARE PRODUCTIVITY: TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH

1991 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 293-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
WALT SCACCHI
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Simulation System ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
Software Productivity ◽  
Productivity Modeling

What affects software productivity and how do we improve it? This report examines the current state of the art in understanding and measuring software productivity. In turn, it describes a framework for understanding software productivity, identifies some fundamentals of measurement, surveys selected studies of software productivity, and identifies variables that affect software productivity. Then, a radical alternative to current approaches is suggested: to construct, evaluate, deploy, and evolve a knowledge-based "software productivity modeling and simulation system."

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