scholarly journals Philosophy of science for sustainability science

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1807-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiru Nagatsu ◽  
Taylor Davis ◽  
C. Tyler DesRoches ◽  
Inkeri Koskinen ◽  
Miles MacLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Sustainability Science ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Critical Engagement

Abstract Sustainability science seeks to extend scientific investigation into domains characterized by a distinct problem-solving agenda, physical and social complexity, and complex moral and ethical landscapes. In this endeavor, it arguably pushes scientific investigation beyond its usual comfort zones, raising fundamental issues about how best to structure such investigation. Philosophers of science have long scrutinized the structure of science and scientific practices, and the conditions under which they operate effectively. We propose a critical engagement between sustainability scientists and philosophers of science with respect to how to engage in scientific activity in these complex domains. We identify specific issues philosophers of science raise concerning current sustainability science and the contributions philosophers can make to resolving them. In conclusion, we reflect on the steps philosophers of science could take to advance sustainability science.

A ciência e a superação das desigualdades

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Galileu Galilei Medeiros de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Positive Science ◽  
Popular View ◽  
Science Philosophy

Resumo: O artigo é um ensaio sobre como a atividade científica poderia ser influenciada por uma proposta ética voltada para a superação das desigualdades. A questão subjacente a este estudo tematiza a possível contraposição entre a ética, que parece ser inteiramente vinculada à liberdade humana e seus processos de escolha, e a lógica da pesquisa científica, que ainda, pelo menos em visão popular, parece se basear na posse de informações objetivas e na descoberta de leis de regulação da natureza. Será feita uma breve contextualização das aquisições teóricas sobre o sentido da ciência positiva dos últimos séculos, procurando extrair daí as indicações de uma estreita dependência dessa em relação às escolhas humanas, em virtude de sua metodologia dialética.   Palavras-Chave: Ciência positiva. Filosofia da ciência. Dialética. Ética.      Abstract: The article is an essay on how scientific activity could be influenced by an ethics proposal aimed at overcoming inequalities. The question underlying this study discusses the possible contrast between ethics, which seems to be entirely linked to human freedom and choice processes, and the logic of scientific research, which still, at least in a popular view, seems to be based on possession of objective information and discovery of regulatory laws of nature. Will be presented a brief background of theoretical acquisitions on the meaning of positive science of the last centuries, looking to extract the indications of a close dependence of this in relation to human choices, because your dialectic methodology.  Keywords: Positive Science. Philosophy of Science. Dialectic. Ethics. REFERÊNCIASARISTÓTELES, Tópicos. In: _______. Órganon. 2.ed. São Paulo: EDIPRO, 2010, p. 347-543.BLONDEL, M. L’Action (1893): essai d’une critique de la vie et d’une science de la pratique, Paris: Quadrige, 1993.CARNAP, R. A superação da metafísica por meio da análise lógica da linguagem. In: Cognitio, São Paulo, v. 10, n. 2, jul./dez. 2009, p. 293-309.DESCARTES, R. Discurso do Método. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2001.DILTHEY, W. Introdução às ciências humanas. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2010.FANNING, P. A. Isaac Newton e a transmutação da alquimia: uma visão alternativa da revolução científica. Balneário Camboriú (SC): Livraria Danúbio, 2016.GALILEI, G. Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di Galileo Galilei. Antonio Favaro (ed.) Florença: Barbéra, 1928-38, 19 Vols.HESSE, Mary. Revolutions and Reconstruction in Philosophy of Science. Brighton, 1980.HUME, D. Investigações sobre o entendimento humano. In: BERKELEY, G.; HUME, D. Tratado sobre os princípios do conhecimento humano; Três diálogos entre Hilas e Filonous em oposição aos Céticos e Ateus; Investigação sobre o entendimento humano; Ensaios morais, políticos e literários. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1978.KUHN, T. La strututtura delle rivoluzioni scientifiche. Torino: [s.n], 1978.LEVINAS, E. Totalité et Infini. [sl]: The Hague, 1971.MACINTYRE, A. Dopo la virtù: Saggio di teoria morale. Milano: Feltrino, 1988.NEIMAN, S. O mal no pensamento moderno: uma história alternativa da filosofia. Rio de Janeiro: DIFEL, 2003.NIETZSCHE, F. Assim falou Zaratustra. 2.ed., Petrópolis: Vozes, 2008.ORTEGA Y GASSET, J. O que é Filosofia? Campinas: Vide Editorial, 2016.PAGANI, S.M.; Luciani, A. (org.) Os Documentos do Processo de Galileu Galilei. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1994.PLATÃO. Teeteto. Tradução de Edson Bini, Bauru/SP: EDIPRO, 2007.POPPER. K. A lógica da descoberta científica. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2001.WHITE, M. O grande livro das coisas horríveis: a crônica definitiva da história das 100 piores atrocidades. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 2013. 

UNFOLDING PARALLEL REASONING IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Parallel Reasoning

AbstractOne of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms of co-relational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās, represent an innovative and sophisticated form of reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal reasoning in general but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical argumentation studied in contemporary philosophy of science. However, in the present paper we will only discuss the case of so-called co-relational inferences of the occasioning factor and only in the context of Islamic jurisprudence.

Algorithms, Abstractions, and Iterations: Teaching Computational Thinking Using Protein Synthesis Translation

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Peel ◽  
Patricia Friedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Science Standards ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Problem Solving Environment ◽  
Extension Activity ◽  
Computational Problem Solving

One of the eight Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) scientific practices is using mathematics and computational thinking (CT). CT is not merely a data analysis tool, but also a problem-solving tool. By utilizing computing concepts, people can sequentially and logically solve complex science and engineering problems. In this article, we share a successful lesson using protein synthesis to teach CT. This lesson focuses primarily on modeling and simulation practices with an extension activity focusing on the computational problem-solving practices of CT. We identify and define five CT concepts within the aforementioned practices that form the foundation of CT: algorithm, abstraction, iteration, branching, and variable. In this lesson, we utilize a game to familiarize students with CT basics, and then use their new CT foundation to design, construct, and evaluate algorithms within the context of protein synthesis. As an optional extension to the lesson, students enter the problem-solving environment to create a program that translates mRNA triplet codons to an amino acid chain. We argue that biology classrooms are ideal contexts for CT learning because biological processes function as a system, and understanding how the system functions requires algorithmic thinking and problem-solving skills.

Assessing Students' Mathematical Problem Posing

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Edward A. Silver ◽  
Jinfa Cai
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Problem Posing ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Mathematical Inquiry ◽  
Mathematical Problem Posing ◽  
Mathematics Research

Posing problems is an intellectual activity that is crucially important in mathematics research and scientific investigation. Indeed, some have argued that problem posing, as a part of scientific or mathematical inquiry, is usually at least as important as problem solving (Einstein and Infeld 1938; Hadamard 1945).

scholarly journals Connecting Mathematics and Science in Primary School STEM Education: Modeling the Population Growth of Species

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 2496
Author(s):  
Genaro de Gamboa ◽  
Edelmira Badillo ◽  
Digna Couso ◽  
Conxita Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Stem Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Learning Sequence ◽  
Mathematical Connections ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Real Population ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Mathematics And Science

In this research, we explored the potential of using a research-based teaching and learning sequence to promote pupils’ engagement in practices that are coherent with those of real world mathematical and scientific activity. This STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematis) sequence was designed and implemented by pre-service teachers and science and mathematics education researchers with the aim of modeling the growth of a real population of rabbits. Results show explicit evidence of pupils’ engagement in relevant mathematical and scientific practices, as well as detailed descriptions of mathematical connections that emerged from those practices. We discuss how these practices and connections allowed the progressive construction of models, and the implications that this proposal may have for STEM task design and for the analysis of extra-mathematical connections.

The Ravens Revisited

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 75-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Science Study ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Primary Focus

Astronomers study the behaviour of the stars; philosophers of science study the behaviour of the astronomers. Philosophers of science, alongside historians and sociologists of science, are in the business of accounting for how science works and what it achieves. There is more to the philosophy of science than principled descriptions of scientific activity, since there are also all the normative questions of justification and warrant, but the descriptive task is an important part of the discipline and the primary focus of the present essay.

What Does It Mean Philosophy of the Collective Science?

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Krushanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Population Effects

One of the most important tasks which the philosophy of science faces today is the comprehension and methodological regulation of new forms of collective scientific work that are emerging today. The solution to this problem presup­poses, in turn, a rethinking of traditional epistemological ideas about cognitive activity, and above all, the idea of its subject. The interpretation of the cognition subject as a cognitive robinson needs to be rethought. For this purpose, the author believes, the philosophy of science should turn to the analysis of the peculiar population effects arising in modern scientific communities. Moreover, in the au­thor's opinion, for a more effective implementation of this analysis, it should be extracted into a special section of the philosophy of science – the philosophy of collective science – which focuses on features of scientific research within the framework of collaboration – cooperation, rather than on the individual cre­ative activity of scientists. Today the research in this direction develops inten­sively. Both foreign (among whom I would like to note the works of P. Galison) and domestic researchers (I. Kasavin, V. Pronskikh, B. Pruzhinin) are working in this direction today. To the population effects requiring a special philosophical and methodological analysis the author refers: difficulties in developing a profes­sional language of science for the scientific community which performs collec­tive research; the existence of the phenomenon of fashionable scientific direction that deforms cognition; phenomena associated with the exchange of information using scientific messages. The article also touches on the issue of analyzing the structure of the collective subject of cognition. Research teams as subsystems of a collective subject are divided into: structural research teams and informal research teams. All these phenomena reveal themselves in many areas of modern science. But they are especially vividly observed within the framework of the so-called Big Science (megascience). The article also attempts to show that three different types of “collectivity” of scientific activity can be distinguished in col­lective science.

The Ravens Revisited

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 75-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Science Study ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Primary Focus

Astronomers study the behaviour of the stars; philosophers of science study the behaviour of the astronomers. Philosophers of science, alongside historians and sociologists of science, are in the business of accounting for how science works and what it achieves. There is more to the philosophy of science than principled descriptions of scientific activity, since there are also all the normative questions of justification and warrant, but the descriptive task is an important part of the discipline and the primary focus of the present essay.

scholarly journals MOKSLAS KAIP MOKSLO FILOSOFIJOS PROBLEMA

Problemos ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Albinas Plėšnys
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
World Views ◽  
Historical School ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Structure Of Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Science Experience

Normatyvinėje mokslo filosofijoje siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, kas yra mokslas. Tiek Carnapas, tiek Popperis pasiūlo savus mokslo apibūdinimus, remdamiesi logine pažinimo turinio analize. Tie apibrėžimai yra universalūs ir laikui bėgant nekintantys. Jais remdamasis tyrinėtojas gali atskirti mokslines teorijas nuo nemokslinių ir nuspręsti, kada atsiranda mokslas. Kitokia padėtis susiklosto istorinėje mokslo filosofijos mokykloje, kuri siekia atskleisti įvaizdžius, pasaulio suvokimo būdus ir mokslinio tyrimo praktiką, vyravusią tam tikru istoriniu laikotarpiu, net ir tuos, kurie šiandien yra atmesti, primiršti ar laikomi klaidingais. Istorinis požiūris į mokslo raidą verčia klausti visai kitko – ne kas yra mokslas, o kaip vartojama ir kaip buvo vartota mokslo sąvoka. Tačiau Kuhnas to nedaro ir aiškinasi, kas yra mokslas. Matyt, tai yra viena iš jo nesėkmės kuriant naują mokslo filosofijos variantą priežasčių.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: falsifikacija, fizika, loginė analizė, menas, mokslas, patyrimas, verifikacija.Science as a Problem in the Philosophy of ScienceAlbinas Plėšnys SummaryThe question what is science arises in the normativephilosophy of science. Both Carnap and Popper proposed their own definitions of science. For this purpose they used the logical analysis of language in which the content of science was expressed. These definitions are universal and stable over time. On the basis of these definitions investigator can discern scientific theories from non-scientific ones and determine when the science started up. The issue was treated quite differently in historical school of philosophy of science where the historians of science attempted to display even those images, world-views and practices of scientific investigation which dominated in their own time and are now discarded. The new sort of questions arises to the followers of the historical school of philosophy of science: how was the concept of science used in their investigations but not what is this thing called science. However, Kuhn still attempts to answer the old question in his Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In our opinion the failure of his theory was determined by this fault.Keywords: falsification, physics, logical analysis, art, science, experience, verification.

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